Manifestation of the traits of extremist personality among high school students

Belikova Ekaterina Vasilyevna Senior Educator, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 blkvekaterina@rambler.ru Efremov Evgenii Georgievich PhD in Psychology Docent, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 EGEfremov@yandex.ru Efremova Nataliy Alekseevna PhD in Psychology Docent, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 ENA100@yandex.ru Kubarev Vyacheslav Sergeevich ORCID: 0000-0002-2783-8175 PhD in Psychology Docent, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 kubikss@yandex.ru Milcharek Natalia Aleksandrovna ORCID: 0000-0001-6913-0936 PhD in Psychology Docent, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 n_a_milcharek@mail.ru Milcharek Tadeush Petrovich ORCID: 0000-0002-3894-8118 PhD in Philosophy Docent, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 milcharek@mail.ru Senkova Viktoria Ivanovna Senior Educator, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 moroz_razvitie@mail.ru Frenkel Mariya Vladimirovna Senior Educator, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, ul. Prospekt Mira, 11 frenkel_m@mail.ru

Tsvetkova Ol'ga Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0001-5985-3006 Senior Educator, the department of Labor Psychology and Organizational Psychology, Omsk State Technical University 644050, Russia, Omskaya oblast', g. Omsk, pr. Mira, 11, of. 207 zvetol@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Relevance. Extremist and terrorist activity can be considered as an extremely dangerous form of deviant destructive behavior, since it involves harming a large number of people by an organized criminal group. According to the scale of harmful consequences, terrorist acts are considered as one of the most cruel measures of influence, since they concern harming not only the physical health of citizens caught in the epicenter of the event, but also the long-term psychological consequences of traumatizing a large number of people who learn about such threats through the media ^[14]. Secondary and even tertiary traumatization occurs, which generates uncontrolled negative consequences for the physical and psychological health of citizens ^[9]. They have a complex complex character, since they affect all spheres of society: economic, political, attitude to society and the state, problems of state security, and so on.

 The possibility of studying, predicting and preventing extremist activity makes it possible to develop tools for early detection of risks and prevention of the development of this form of behavior in the main institutions of socialization: schools, colleges, universities, ensuring the safety of life not only through the activities of specially trained "rapid response" services and law enforcement agencies, but through psychological and pedagogical workers and parents ^{[8, 19]}.

 Especially important are measures of early diagnosis and prevention, which make it possible to prevent the development of personality according to a negative scenario of the formation of an extremist orientation. Within the framework of this topic, a large number of works indicate the importance of legal, cultural and social factors in the development of extremist orientation ^[1]. But we believe that socio-psychological factors play a decisive role. Some of these factors form the general direction of the deviant personality (for example, destructive parenting styles, frustration of the child's basic needs at different stages of ontogenesis), and some of the factors appear to be "unique" in some sense, since they relate to the conscious search and choice of extremist ideology as an answer to some personal questions. But here it is important not only to analyze the conditions for the formation of extremist orientation, but also to detect its varieties, variations of psychological manifestations in the context of individual differences.

 In our study, an attempt has been made to analyze the main psychological features of the extremist orientation of the personality and, in this vein, to typologize the severity of these individual characteristics in high school students.

 The need to form a "portrait of an extremist personality" draws us to the main reasons for the formation of an antisocial deviant personality, thereby tracing the appearance of specific features characteristic of this category.

 The primary agents of socialization and the formation of a child's legal consciousness are the family and the specifics of child-parent relations. Of course, distortions in the formation of a child's personality can constitute such relationships that are destructive (currently, it is fashionable to call them toxic). The destructiveness of these styles manifests itself both in the urgent situation of a child's life and in the consequences that manifest themselves in an adult throughout later life ^[17].

 However, the deeper reason for the violations is that these child-parent relationships do not allow the child to adequately meet basic needs, which leads to a state of prolonged frustration and dissatisfaction with these needs. Distorted child-parent relations do not allow the child to learn adequate and socially acceptable ways to resolve difficult life situations. Basic needs are the needs that ensure the viability of a living organism or the satisfaction of which allows you to move along the path of growth and development. The unrealization of these needs is a direct threat to human life and health.

 Basic needs change at different stages of ontogenesis. The realization of needs allows a person to form and move along the path of development and self-fulfillment. Frustration of basic needs leads to traumatization and growth arrest, and if the basic need is frustrated for a long time without the possibility of compensation, then this leads to the formation of a negative identity ^[18].

 So, in theory, J. Bowlby, violation of attachment relationships in the early stages of ontogenesis disrupts the formation of empathy and the ability to adequately establish these relationships in adulthood. The basic need of a child is to establish a relationship of reliable attachment with an adult (more often a mother). Attachment is a genetically fixed motivational system that is actualized immediately after the birth of a child. This is a behavior program that ensures the infant's survival and growth, which is biologically expedient, and the child cannot simply abandon these relationships. D. Bowlby investigated cases of antisocial and delinquent behavior of adolescents and in all these cases found violations of attachment relationships. As N. N. Avdeeva showed in her article ^[2], various non-constructive parenting styles have different effects on attachment relationships, forming deformed attachment types and behavioral strategies.

 In the case of these violations, the child develops such relationships that are somewhat similar to attachment, however, have a completely different content. We are talking about the relationship of dependence and the more unstable and unpredictable the behavior on the part of parents, the stronger the dependence is fixed. In adulthood, this leads to the search for such relationships that would be "safe" and controlled by a person. These mechanisms underlie relationships of violence or fanaticism. In addition, such individuals are actively searching for "authorities", "strong groups" or ideas that guarantee the clarity and stability of the world.

 A similar mechanism is present in another form of deviant behavior - Internet addiction, where a person creates his own stable and controlled, but virtual world ^[20]. Thus, many authors point out that a person exposed to extremist ideology does not satisfy his basic needs in one or more important areas of life for him, experiences a complex of negative feelings associated with the frustration of these needs, does not have adaptive strategies and constructive copping mechanisms, which leads to increased maladaptation in society and the formation of antisocial and aggressive orientation.

 Despite the fact that the problem of deviant behavior has been sufficiently studied, including antisocial (criminal) and destructive behavior, the problem of extremist or terrorist activity stands apart ^[21]. This is caused not only by the variety and scale of negative consequences for society, but also by differences in the psychological characteristics of a person prone to extremist (or terrorist) activities.

 If, when describing the mechanisms of criminal behavior, many legal psychologists note such personality traits of a criminal as low self-control and a decrease in regulatory function, a certain "psychological simplicity" and stereotyping of the mechanism of launching criminal behavior and the automaticity of the chosen criminal mode of activity, as well as the influence of the established criminal mode of action on the formation and choice of a criminal goal, then in relation to extremist activity this mechanism looks different. Extremist activity can be considered as destructive self-realization ^[14], since it involves an active choice and comprehension through these forms of activity of the value of one's personality and the value of one's life.

 Self-realization in the humanistic sense is a person's desire for the full disclosure of their potentials and capabilities. Understanding self-realization as an essential characteristic of a dynamic and developing system, which is a person, suggests that it can take various forms. An essential characteristic of self-realization is awareness of one's capabilities, an active search for the meaning of life and the experience of its meaningfulness and completeness. This allows us to talk about the conscious choice of a life path that forms a personality. It is the similarity in these characteristics, but with a "negative" sign, which is inherent in the personality of a terrorist, that allows, in addition to positive forms of self-realization, to distinguish destructive forms of self-realization ^[15].

 Among the structural elements of extremism are: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. The cognitive component includes certain ideas about the world, about oneself, consciousness, worldview and extremist ideology, the emotional component includes both emotions and experiences in connection with them in relation to "one's own" and "enemies" associated with a sense of belonging and identification with the extremist community and moods that arise during extremist activity, and behavioral – presupposes the permissibility and validity of the use of various forms of violent influence, destructive actions to spread extremist ideology [cit. on 22, p. 2610]. In extremist ideas, a person discovers the meaning of his existence and even a "mission" for which he is ready to go not only to the death of other people ("unworthy of life"), but also to comprehend and accept his own death (suicide bombers who consider themselves heroes and messiahs).

 High school students and young men, due to their age characteristics, are actively searching for themselves and their place in the world. Speaking already, even if not yet fully, as subjects of the formation of their personality and having their own individual experience of life and personal history, they actively seek to expand both their ideas about the world and the repertoire of behavioral reactions, try new forms of them, testing the boundaries of what is "permissible". All this makes these age categories vulnerable to various deviations, including extremism.

 The ideology of extremism has the greatest influence, thus, on high school students and students, therefore it becomes especially relevant to investigate and create a typology of personalities, to varying degrees prone to the formation of extremist personality traits.

 Objectives and methods of research.

The purpose of the study: to identify the types of extremist personalities in high school students.

 The object of the study: signs of an extremist personality.

 Subject of research: typologization of extremist personalities among high school students.

 The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism is considered comprehensively in the problematic field of personality psychology, as a result of which the main individual psychological characteristics of the extremist's personality are highlighted and their severity in high school students is typologized.

 Methodology and methods of research.

 Effective research of extremism and terrorism, both in general scientific and psychological terms, requires methodological synthesis based on the principles of relative compatibility of various research installations. In particular, it is useful to combine the valuable experience gained by domestic psychology with some foreign directions.

 This study combines the principles of cultural-historical (L. S. Vygotsky, F. E. Vasilyuk, A. A. Puzyrei, V. F. Petrenko) and activity (A. N. Leontiev, S. L. Rubinstein, A. A. Bodalev, V. P. Zinchenko, A.V. Rossokhin, V. E. Klochko, M. S. Magomed-Eminov, S. N. Enikolopov, L. Y. Subbotina) approaches with existential attitudes (V. Frankl, A. Langle, I. Yalom, V. N. Yadrinkin, V. P. Gerasimov), humanistic (A. Maslow, K. Rogers, E. Fromm, S. Grof, K. Wilber, V. V. Kozlov) and deep (K. G. Jung, R. Assagioli, E. Bern) psychology.

 It is known that personality and activity are inseparable, therefore, answers to questions about the essence of extremism (terrorism) should be sought both in the personality of the extremist himself and in his activities. It is important to understand that it is culturally and historically defined, that some features of its vital activity are imprinted on it, which makes their allocation fundamentally important.

 It is also important to consider the inner world of an extremist (terrorist), the peculiarities of its manifestation in the world, the structure of conscious and unconscious motives and attitudes, basic values, mentality, features of the ontogenesis and life path of the individual, protective psychological mechanisms, life strategies, experiences and traumas. In developing these issues, the accumulated experience of existential psychology and psychotherapy, resource approach (A. G. Karayani), psychoanalysis (E. Erickson, A. Lowen), individual (A. Adler) and gestalt psychology (F. Perls, K. Naranjo).

 Despite the discussions going on around the definitions of extremism and terrorism, these terms are legally defined. Therefore, it is important to focus on such parameters that would allow determining the risks of the formation of this quality. And this, first of all, is a psychological component. In order to expand the heuristic possibilities of studying the extremist personality, it is methodologically necessary, in addition to the traditional points of view on extremism within the framework of deviantology and victimology, to synthesize them with other positions, which will expand the categorical and methodological apparatus of the study of extremism and terrorism.

 Based on the above, it is possible to make a profile of the extremist (terrorist) orientation of the individual.

 It is characterized by the following features: these are young men with personal and social disadvantage, oriented in behavior and activity to break social communication, violation of its generally accepted rules, unilateral refusal of dialogue, rupture of social ties (non-communication). Their propensity for violence, infliction of pain, suppression, subordination of others (authoritarianism) becomes a consequence of unrealized culturally conditioned aggression (warrior complex). This leads to a high propensity for unjustified risk. A weak degree of freedom of an individual with an extremist (terrorist) orientation is expressed in the desire to justify his actions by the behavior of others, to lay the blame on others, refusal to take responsibility for what is happening. Dramatic forms of behavior are determined by the presence of accentuations (sharpened features) of character, mainly demonstrative (a tendency to theatricality and dramaturgy), exalted (a sharp change in reaction types, a large amplitude of extreme forms of behavior) and hyperthymic (irritable with high self-esteem). There is a strong tendency to manipulative forms of behavior (from the position of hidden superiority, veiled demands or blackmail, the desire to get what you want at any cost, division into "friends" and "strangers", distancing from others, selling type of behavior, insincerity in relationships, duplicity, perception of other people as a means to achieve goals) ^[4,5].

 The value sphere of an extremist (terrorist) directed personality is characterized by dehumanization (devaluation of the human) and a tendency to possess and use weapons, a special biased attitude towards it. The cult of strength and forceful ways of solving problem situations is combined with a predominant motivation to avoid failures. Lack of expression of the father's position and, as a consequence, anomie (violation of social norms) and lack of authority in the immediate environment, as well as rejection of socially approved models with the glorification of militant forms of behavior. In general, destructive (destructive) motivation towards the world of a person with an extremist (terrorist) orientation is manifested in negativism (mainly negative characteristics of others). The predominance of formal (external) religiosity associated with superficial involvement in some ritual practices (external ritualism), the desire to create super-values (especially valuable for themselves patterns and norms, or forms of behavior, objects) make a person of extremist (terrorist) orientation dependent. Missionary work is another specific feature of the value sphere of an extremist (terrorist) directed personality.  Missionary work - the idea of its special mission and role in relation to the world and people, supplemented by adventurism, the creation of a personal heroic mythology (the image of a lone knight), is expressed in legends and messages ^[6].

 The extremist (terrorist) orientation of a person is characterized by an erased or poorly manifested identity (personal, gender, age, civil, political, national) and, as a result, various forms of intolerance (intolerance) on the above-mentioned grounds and discriminatory forms of attitude towards others, leads to a desire to destroy the identity of another, deny him the right to identity.

 The emotional sphere of a person with an extremist (terrorist) orientation is represented by feelings of inferiority with a characteristic compensating desire for superiority over others. Accumulated hatred, anger, resentment and bitterness towards the world. A predominantly low level of psychological stability combined with a high level of anxiety leads to a high level of conflict (either external or intrapersonal). Intrapersonal conflict is characterized by a repressed sense of guilt associated with the failure of the actions taken (that is, a person feels guilty because something did not work out for him, in particular, to realize his destructive plan, and strive to get rid of this feeling, to displace it, to replace it with demonstrative theatrical forms of behavior) ^[7].

 The thinking of an extremist (terrorist) directed personality is gaming (gamified), rigid (inflexible). Rigidity also manifests itself in behavior by rejecting uncertainty in the form of emphasis on achieving the goal. Many authors point to the pronounced religiosity and ethnic intolerance of these personalities.  

 In our study, this profile is transformed into the concept of the psychological complex of an extremist, which includes such features as non-communicativeness and the warrior complex, as well as the concept of extremist (terrorist) orientation of the individual.

 This profile formed the basis of methods that allow assessing the severity of the extremist complex in certain categories of citizens ^[10,13]. The methods were used in studies of individuals convicted under the articles "extremist" and "terrorist" activities, showing a high predictive ability.

 Methods and techniques: The study used the author's methods that measure extremist personality traits: the method of "Non-communication" (Milcharek T. P.)^[12], the method of "Warrior Complex" (Milcharek T. P., Milcharek N. A.)^[13], the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index" (Soldatova G. U., Kravtsova O. A., Khukhlaev O. E., Shaigerova L. A.)^[16], questionnaire "Communicative tolerance" Boyko V. V., "Questionnaire for measuring tolerance" (Magun V. S., Zhamkochyan M. S.,.Magura M. M.) ^{[3, P.11]}. The obtained results were subjected to statistical processing by cluster analysis using the IBM SPSS STATISTICS Campus Edition program.

 The method "Non-communicativeness" (Milcharek, T. P.) includes 18 scales, on the basis of which the integral indicator of non-communicativeness is determined. The scales of the questionnaire:

 1. NKT–1: Erased, lost or unmanifested identity.

 2. NCT-2: Difficult social dialogue

 3. NCT-3: Rejection of uncertainty

 4. NKT-4: High level of anxiety

 5.NKT-5: High level of aggression

 6. NKT-6: Low level of psychological stability

 7. NCT-7: Weakly expressed social interest, undeveloped social feeling

 8. NKT-8: Hyper-dependence on super-values

 9. NCT-9: Avoiding Responsibility and Freedom

 10. NCT-10: Strong expression of the personal sphere, underdeveloped self

 11. NKT-11: Being in the sphere of social drama

 12. NCT-12: Poor satisfaction of basic social needs

 13. NCT-13: Lack of maternal love, lack of expression of the father's position

 14. NCT-14: Striving to meet basic social needs by searching for a "new family"

 15. NCT-15: Apragmatic and non-utilitarian behavior

 16. NCT-16: The desire to go into the transcendent, transpersonal, transpersonal

 17. NCT-17: Rootlessness, unmanifestness, infantilism, a weak degree of awareness, a state of unfreedom, lack of openness and trust in the world

 18. NKT-18: A strong tendency to manipulation ^[12].

 The "Warrior Complex" methodology (Milcharek T. P., Milcharek N. A.) includes 9 subscales and on their basis allows us to determine the integral indicator of the formation of the "warrior complex" as a component of the extremist orientation of the individual. Subscales of the methodology:

1. KV-1: The ability to use force
2. KV-2: The ability to use weapons
3. KV-3: The ability to subordinate
4. KV-4: The ability to cause pain
5. KV-5: The ability to cause bodily injury
6. KV-6: The ability to kill
7. KV-7: The duty to endure pain
8. KV-8: The Duty to endure pain
9. KV-9: The ability and duty to provide protection, show valor, defend and attack ^[11].

 The study sample consisted of 140 high school students (grades 10-11) from various schools in the city of Omsk.

 Research results and their discussion

 In the course of the study, no formed extremist complex was identified in the specified sample, however, the study revealed two types of personality that exhibit extremist traits to varying degrees. Using cluster analysis, the results were combined into two groups, the description of which showed that for each of them it is necessary to formulate different preventive contents ("targets" of prevention).

The results of cluster analysis are presented in the diagram below (Fig. 1), where the scales of methods with statistical differences in two cluster groups are presented. In addition to the scales of the methods "Non-communicativeness" and "Warrior Complex" described above, a statistical difference was obtained on the C-1 scale "Ethnic tolerance" of the "Tolerance Index" methodology of G.U. Soldatova. We presented these groups as personality types with varying degrees of extremist orientation.

Figure 1. Clustering of extremist personality traits

The first type is characterized by:

- moderate difficulties in conducting a social dialogue: motivation to conduct a dialogue in controversial, ambiguous, conflict situations is present, but it is not stable, differs in situativeness, communicative competence is also moderate, communicative acts can easily occur in familiar situations and familiar surroundings, new people and situations can cause communicative difficulties and provoke a break in social dialogue, to show intolerance, nonconformism, egocentrism, show disrespect, abandon the generally accepted norms of communication;

- a moderate tendency to abandon uncertainty: to a certain extent, a person is able to cope with uncertainty, however, the higher the "number of degrees of freedom" in a situation of uncertainty, the more likely it is that a person will resort to counterproductive rigid behavioral defense strategies, demonstrating a rejection of uncertainty;

- high level of aggression: any difficulties provoke active aggressive reactions in people of this type, aggression is often caused by unusual, unusual – different views, culture, appearance, beliefs;

- weakly expressed social interest, undeveloped social feeling: these people are less interested than others in being included in certain social groups, they care little whether they are loved or accepted in their immediate environment;

- hyper-dependence on their values: such people tend to blindly follow accepted beliefs and principles that are not meaningful, zealously defending them, even if these beliefs and principles contradict incoming information, the practice of everyday communication, etc.; treating these principles as sacred, a person does not allow the possibility of their change, a different vision, transformation;

- avoidance of responsibility and freedom: a person of this type tends to place responsibility on others, refer to external reasons for their actions, calling them objective, to see others to blame for their failures (external locus of control);

- strong expression of the personal sphere, underdeveloped self: such people are characterized by demonstrativeness, often even outrageous behavior, increased sensitivity to the situation, attitude from others, increased conflict, lack of a sense of proportion, boundaries, limits; it is often difficult for such people to explain the motives of their behavior, to give a detailed definition of their "I";

- the lack of maternal love and the lack of expression of the father's position in the history of development: as a result, we fix the emotional underdevelopment of the personality, such people are characterized by a sense of inner emptiness, dependence and an increased need for care, support, encouragement;

- the desire to satisfy basic social needs by searching for a "new family": a person is looking for those communities that, in his opinion, are able to make up for the lack of warmth, care, acceptance;

- apragmatic and non-utilitarian behavior: the actions and activities of these people in general are often counterproductive;

- rootlessness, unmanifestness, infantilism, a weak degree of awareness, a state of unfreedom, lack of openness and trust in the world; a person is accompanied by a feeling of lack of support in life, anxiety, uncertainty that he can change something in his life;

- accepting the opportunity to use force: such people consider it as an acceptable, reasonable, forceful method of solving problems, resolving conflicts; they value the position of force;

- accepting the opportunity to use weapons;

- acceptance of the ability to subordinate;

- willingness to cause pain;

- willingness to cause bodily harm;

- accepting the opportunity to kill;

- accepting the opportunity and obligation to provide protection, show valor, defend and attack

- a moderate decrease in ethnic tolerance: people of this type generally treat other ethnocultures and their representatives worse than their own, but in some situations they are able to show tolerance and a superficial understanding of ethno-cultural differences.

Thus, the first type can be characterized as an infantile, immature person with an acute need for love and acceptance, in need of protection, support, prone to dogmatism and power thinking.

The characteristic features of the second type are:

- expressed difficulties in conducting a social dialogue: the subject does not show a desire to use dialogue as a means of solving problems, prefers to dictate his position, does not show respect for others, does not realize their role in the dialogue, is prone to ultimatum, directive, team forms of communication, requires a quick, immediate solution of the issue in the direction desired for himself, shows intolerance, does not want to comply with generally accepted rules of interaction, strive to go beyond them, cancel them, cannot establish its own rules together with others, shows a negative attitude to existing rules and norms, does not perceive them as valuable, denies them, seeks to break the dialogue, exit it unilaterally;

- pronounced rejection of uncertainty: a person shows fear of the unknown, uncertainty, fear of various forms of another, different from his world (not such a person, not such a nature, not such events, not such a language, not such views, not such songs, music, dancing, food, clothes, houses, life, not such an appearance, not such behavior, does not do so), different from its worldview and attitude, denies these forms, does not see their value, usefulness, necessity, beauty or denies it, strives to get away from them, or get rid of them, shows aggression and destructive attitude towards them;

- pronounced ethnic intolerance: such people are intolerant of ethno-cultural differences, representatives of other peoples cause them distrust, fear, neglect, rejection, are assessed as "wild", "dangerous", "underdeveloped", "primitive".

At the same time, the remaining features of the extremist personality, which have vivid manifestations in the first type, are moderately manifested in the second.

That is, the second type of extremist (terrorist) orientation of the personality carries certain autistic features: the lack of expressed needs for social ties, relationships is combined with a clearly manifested fear of the outside world, any deviations from the usual, habitual environment, the course of life.

 Conclusions

The results of the conducted research have shown that stable and variable typological features are distinguished in the structure of the extremist (terrorist) orientation personality.

As stable signs of the extremist orientation of the personality, the following were identified: moderate acceptance of the obligation to endure pain and the obligation to die; pronounced tendency to manipulation; the desire to go into the transcendent, transpersonal, transpersonal; weak satisfaction of basic social needs; low level of psychological stability; high level of anxiety; erased, lost or unmanifested identity, low level of tolerance to negative mental states, low social and communicative tolerance.

Clustering of young people with an emerging extremist orientation made it possible to distinguish two different types of it.

In the first type of extremist orientation of the personality, personal immaturity, infantilism and the accompanying acute need for love, care, protection, acceptance, with a dominant tendency to dogmatism and power thinking, turn out to be the leading ones.

The second type is distinguished by some autism: a low level of need for social contacts, rejection of the surrounding world, which is perceived as hostile, refusal to change the usual course of life. At the same time, we emphasize that we do not use the term autism in its direct medical meaning, but only to designate individual personality traits that have a certain similarity with the personal manifestations of persons suffering from autism. In particular, as the practice of schoolshooting in the cities of Kerch, Kazan and Perm shows, the defendants in high-profile criminal cases who committed armed attacks on educational institutions and mass shootings in them, which led to the death of many people and a large number of victims, belong to this, the second type of extremist orientation of the individual.

The analysis of their psychological profile on the basis of the presented construct allows us to distinguish in it such features as distancing from others, attitude to others from a position of superiority, manipulativeness, intolerance to others, the desire to justify their actions by the behavior of others, to lay the blame on others, refusal to take responsibility for what is happening, a high level of conflict, hatred, anger, resentment, bitterness and destructive motivation towards the world, its dehumanization, negativism and orientation in behavior and activity to break social communication, unilateral refusal of dialogue, rupture of social ties.

 Conclusion

The obtained results contribute to the solution of the theoretical problem of constructing a structured profile of the extremist orientation of the individual, create the basis for drawing up effective programs for early detection, prevention, correction of this orientation.

Thus, for the first type, characteristic unfavorable conditions of personality development were identified, which marked the "target" of preventive and correctional work with this group of people – leveling the destructive influence of the lack of maternal love and the lack of expression of the father's position. Such destructions of development can be detected at the early stages of personality development, which allows us to make a more optimistic forecast regarding the possibilities of prevention and correction of these negative impacts.

Some similarity with the features of the second type of extremist personality orientation allows us to assert that in preventive and correctional activities with representatives of this type, some techniques and methods used in interaction with carriers of autism spectrum disorders will be effective.

The identification of stable signs of extremist orientation allows us to think about creating an express diagnostic tool based on them, which will allow us to identify individuals with formed signs of extremism more efficiently and with less time and identify a "risk group" that demonstrates signs and/or their predictors close to the identified ones.

Also, on the basis of the proposed typology, training work programs can be developed for the purpose of primary prevention of extremism through the formation of basic ways to constructively solve the tasks that arise before the individual, reducing the main risk factors and thereby preventing the development of an extremist orientation of the individual.

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