DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2023.6.40969

Abstract: The subject of the study is the institution of the ancient Indian dispute, the theoretical understanding of which has become part of the doctrines of all religious and philosophical schools. The “Shraman period” (5th century BC) is considered in detail, during which there was a sharp controversy between religious and philosophical schools, during which effective methods of conducting disputes “crystallized” and developed argumentative normativity. It is shown that the pluralism and diversity of ontological models that existed in the spiritual culture of that time were reflected in the logical and epistemological doctrine - pramana-vada. Thus, in the first (pre-logical) period, epistemological and logical questions were raised within the framework of anvikshika, “the science of conducting public disputes,” and the widespread culture of philosophical disputes and their actual practice were completely determined by the original cultural context. The argumentative canon of the Nyaya school is analyzed, the categories of the Indian and Western European traditions are compared, illustrating the discussion, in particular, of the Aristotelian syllogistic and the Nyayak five-term syllogism, the doctrine of the dispute between the ancient Chinese school of the late Mohists and ancient Chrya. The productive methodological ideas of the polemical strategy of conducting philosophical disputes in late Buddhism are revealed, the role of the dual unity of proof and refutation, as well as examples, questions and tricks, as topoi of the ancient Indian culture of dispute is shown.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2022.7.38340

Abstract: The object of the research is the culture of dialogue, its content and normative components, and metaphysical foundations of the culture of dialogue. Various approaches to understanding the nature of dialogue in the historical tradition, starting from antiquity and ending with modernity, are considered in detail. In the course of the analysis, special attention is paid to identifying ontological prerequisites and epistemological attitudes in the most significant theoretical approaches to understanding the nature of dialogue. Productive methodological ideas of phenomenology, "philosophy of dialogue", theory of communicative action are revealed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the heuristic and analytical possibilities of the concept of the "Other" as the basis for recognizing the initial equality of the participants in the dialogue and the formation of a mindset for the "peaceful" resolution of differences. The role of the culture of dialogue (in the form of recognized norms and compliance with the rules of interaction) is shown as an important component of mutual understanding and tolerance. The peculiarity of the reception of the ancient approach to dialogue in the non-rhetorical project of the twentieth century is revealed. It is shown that the normativity of one of the most significant modern approaches to the construction of the theory of argumentation – pragma-dialectical, has roots in the ancient tradition of dialogue. As one of the important conclusions, it is substantiated that the ideal model of "critical discussion" developed at the Belgian school of pragma-dialectics can serve not only as a methodological basis for the modern theory of the culture of dialogue, but also as a guide in its organization and structuring, creating good opportunities for reaching a possible consensus. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the philosophical and ideological foundations of the concept of "critical discussion" and the methodological significance of the "moral code", the observance of the "commandments" of which leads to an increase in the culture of dialogue as a necessary condition in the search for common meanings, without which it is impossible to overcome the high conflictogenicity of modern society.