Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of activation of human potentials at the moment of exposure to stress. The author described the experimental models of tress (physical stress, chemical stress, sexual stress) and the term “true emotions”. Experiencing of “true emotions” activates human potentials and relates to such emotions as interest and surprise in opposition to boredom and indifference.

Keywords: psychology, potentials, stress, interest, emotions, surprise, fragrances, smell, reserves, experiment

Abstract: Review: the author has paid attention at the fact that there is much lying in our everyday life. Sometimes lies don’t even have any grounds and seem to be a strange obsession. Viewing lies as a psychological phenomenon, the author at the same time focused on very useful classes of personal growth held at Professor P. S. Gurevich’s laboratory. The author studied a student’s self-report where the student talked about how her world perception had changed during her classes at Professor Gurevich’s lab. Key words: psychology, personal growth, individual, lies, legal awareness, morals, virtue, deception

Abstract: This article is an attempt to determine the definition ‘narcissistic personality’ in a totally different light and not as a universal personal trait. The myth about Narcissus is interpreted differently from Freud. The article also contains the description of a clinical case with a representative of ‘narcissistic’ personality. The author especially underlines that there is a danger of a ‘social’ narcissism.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, narcissistic type of personality, human nature, psychological trait, asociality, myth, brokenness of human being, love

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.6.8838

Abstract:

Abstract: The topic of suffering is the most important aspect of Schopenhauer’s philosophical anthroplogy. German philosopher interpets this topic from the point of view of impaired nature of a person. In this regard Schopenhauer appealed to stoics’ philosophy. He assumes that suffering is not just a human feature but it is typical for all living beings.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthroplogy, human, suffering, rationality, wit, sin, nature, indifference, sanity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2023.1.39849

EDN: FWJPOO

Abstract: The object of research is emotional tension. The subject of the study is assessment of emotional tension in the process of presentation of emotionally significant stimuli in the form of images and sounds according to the parameters of physiological activity and tensotremorometry in the process of maintaining isometric effort. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of methods of determination of tremor and its connection with emotional tension. Key aspects are the consideration of the key frequency range of physiological tremor analysis 8-16 hertz, methods of tremor measurement such as accelerometry, tensotremorometry, electromyography. Studies of the relationship between tensotremorometry on the frequency range of physiological tremor and emotional tension are considered. We propose a new method for analyzing tremor according to tensotremorometry data using the sliding window method and filtering the frequencies characteristic of physiological tremor. Methods of recording physiological activity in the form of photoplethysmography and skin electrical activity were used for reliability of the results obtained. We described and confirmed the connection between emotional tension during the demonstration of meaningful stimuli and finger tremor, while holding a given force in an isometric condition. The new technique has wide possibilities for use in the psychological and clinical fields, in particular, in detection of hidden information, assessment of the stress resistance of personnel, and determination of the functional state of a person, as well as in the study of the psycho-emotional state of students.

Keywords: Psychophysiology, Isometric force, Emotional tension, Tensotremorometry, Maximum voluntary contraction, Physiological tremor, Autonomic nervous system, Involuntary movements, Epps-Singleton criterion, Neurokit2

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2022.2.36998

Abstract: The presented article discusses the specifics of experiencing the "empty nest" crisis by married and unmarried women. The authors discuss significant social factors that potentially affect a woman's experience of the "empty nest" crisis and suggest that the special social role of an unmarried woman raising children causes her to have specific attitudes and experiences. The materials of the article allow us to identify the characteristics of the structure of psychological well-being, attitudes towards oneself and one's child, accompanying the psychological picture of the experiences of married and unmarried women. The study uses the method of "Psychological well-being Scale" by K. Riff, a modified version of the MOBiS method (M.V. Buchatskaya), the method of "Semantic differential" by C. Osgood. The results of the empirical study are based on diagnostic data from a sample of 60 women and including two empirical groups, depending on marital status. The obtained results reveal the socio-psychological features of experiencing the crisis of the "empty nest" in each group. In particular, it is indicated that married women experience a greater degree of dependence on the relationship with their child and the loss of intimacy with them. Unmarried mothers have a tendency to link psychological well-being with their work, therefore, orientation to professional activity can act as a compensating factor of experiences in this case. The study allows us to substantiate the conditions for improving the quality of psychological support for women and outline the prospects for its development.

Keywords: crisis, the structure of psychological well-being, experiencing a crisis, psychological well-being of the individual, personality, the crisis of the empty nest, family, assistance, experience, well-being

Abstract: The author of the article views joy and pleasure as the two different basic emotions. The author describes modern concepts of basic emotions. It is underlined that the majority of authors outlines one basic positive emotion, however, some authors call it pleasure and others call it joy. The author provides the results of empiric study of subjective emotions. It is shown that the majority of people (up to 70 % of cases) consider joy and pleasure to be different emotions. Pleasure is usually associated with bodily sensations (food and sex) while joy is associated with the feelings of truth, beauty and etc. It is proved that as two different emotions, joy and pleasure have most of the features of basic criteria as described by K Izard.

Keywords: psychology, emotions, positive emotions, basic emotions, joy, pleasure, feelings, emotional experience, everyday concepts, pleasure centers.

Abstract: Cinema is a completely new form of art even though it has been considered just the advanced form of photography and theater for a long time. Today we can evidently say that it is a new way of perception the reality, nontrivial form of poetic expression, original type of reflection of the world around. The author of the article also talks about the combination of reality and fiction in the cinematograph and credibility of the ‘cinema illusion’

Keywords: psychology, credibility, cinema, illusion, art, image, subjectivity, avant-garde cinema, esthetics, being

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.1.62136

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of developing the moral sense and emotions of a modern human. This is a nettlesome topic because each personality has its own emotional structure and style and a range of emotions and feelings through which the person perceives the world around. From the point of emotions people differ based on their emotional excitement, length and stability of their emotions, domination of positive (stenic) or positive (astenic) emotions. Thus, the subject of this article is the system of formation and development of the moral sense and feelings. The object is the process of formation of these human manifestations. The author summarizes experience of famous researchers on this matter and makes certain conclusions based on her analysis. The results can be used by the author in practice.

Keywords: psychology, feelings, emotions, personality, relationship, interaction, aggression, psyche, excitement, relation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of emotional numbness. The author studies trans-discursive grounds of this phenomenon which can be traced both in philosophy and Theatre of the Absurd. The author analyzes examples of communication breakthrough in Eugene Lenosko’s and Samuel Beckett’s playwrights. It is underlined that emotional depletion is becoming a serious problem of modern age; the author also describes a new research program of emotional development in the USA.

Keywords: psychology, emotional numbness, communication breakthrough, absurd in philosophy and literature, Eugene Lonesko’s and Samuel Beckett’s Theatre of the Absurd, emotional development, emotional competence, communication ethics, RULER program, social adaptation.

Abstract: The article describes the overcome of child-and-parent conflicts as a factor of positive development of emotional- volitional sphere of a teenager, tasks and goals of a relevant program developed by the author of the article.

Keywords: pedagogy, conflicts, emotional-volitional sphere, coping, children, teenagers, parents, development, program, influence of conflicts.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.17463

Abstract: The article deals with the essence of the experience in terms of its qualitative certainty. The 'Method of qualitative structures' (MQS) is applied to describe this phenomenon. The novelty of the research is that for the first time experience is considered not as a narrowly specific psychological phenomenon but as an integral phenomenon with its specific qualitative definiteness. The result of the research is the description of the four aspects immanently characteristic of experience: selfdefining, relationship, state of mind and activity. It is shown that experience is created as the combination of aspects which does not exist beyond any aspect. Experience is considered as a whole unity. On the basis of this description experience is defined by the author as a natural internal activity being performed with the accordance of the social relationship on the basis of filings and is expressed in activity itself. The article is written for psychologists and psychotherapists. The proposed approach gives an opportunity to make a precise definition of 'experience'.

Keywords: emotional state, relations, self-determination, whole, qualitative certainty, emotional experience, activity, presence, choice, meaning

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.67643

Abstract: The article deals with the essence of the experience in terms of its qualitative certainty. The 'Method of qualitative structures' (MQS) is applied to describe this phenomenon. The novelty of the research is that for the first time experience is considered not as a narrowly specific psychological phenomenon but as an integral phenomenon with its specific qualitative definiteness. The result of the research is the description of the four aspects immanently characteristic of experience: selfdefining, relationship, state of mind and activity. It is shown that experience is created as the combination of aspects which does not exist beyond any aspect. Experience is considered as a whole unity. On the basis of this description experience is defined by the author as a natural internal activity being performed with the accordance of the social relationship on the basis of filings and is expressed in activity itself. The article is written for psychologists and psychotherapists. The proposed approach gives an opportunity to make a precise definition of 'experience'.

Keywords: emotional state, relations, self-determination, whole, qualitative certainty, emotional experience, activity, presence, choice, meaning

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.4.30776

Abstract: The subject of this research is the question of studying determinants of music perception. In recent years, the scholars in various fields of science and art write on the psychology of music perception. Often their publications carry an art of sociological character; some of the researchers explore the psychological and physiological aspects of music perception. The author sets a goal to examine the psychological and social factors substantiating the emotional perception of music, as well as the role of cognitive functions in the emotional perception of music. Methodological framework contains the M. Rokeach’s survey “Value Orientations”; T. Schafer’s and P. Sedlmeier’s survey “Psychological Orientations of Music”; interview; author’s original questionnaire “Social Perception of Music”; categorization; Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation; and exploratory factor analysis. The main conclusions consists in identification of correlations between social values of the respondents and their personality traits. The determinants of music perception include the factors of age, gender, situational factors and musical skills. This work allows using the presented statistical results and conclusions for future research of the topic, and may be valuable for the psychologists and pedagogues dealing with the teenage and youth behavior management.

Keywords: youth culture, social Psychology, cognitive functions of music, music perception, emotional functions of music, emotions, music, perception, social perception of music, music genres

Abstract: The article studies the connection between altruistic\ egoistic models of behavior and personal starvation for life success. As factors defi ning the mentioned above relation the author views time-management ability, intelligence in general, social intelligence and emotional intelligence. It is shown that the connection of intellect with altruistic behavior can be different for the groups with different intellectual and educational levels. The group of people with high education, for instance, showed an evident correlation between the intellect and altruistic behavior. In that group starvation for success (represented as the time-management ability) positively correlates both with the intellect and altruistic behavior. In the group of less educated people, intellect did not correlate with altruistic behavior and some time-management abilities negatively correlated with altruism.

Keywords: psychology, altruism, egoism, prisoner’s dilemma, life lesson, time-management, intelligence, social intelligence, emotional intelligence, cooperation

Abstract: This article is an attempt to compare different conceptions of happiness as the final gal of human life. Noteworthy that in these conceptions both ways to achieve happiness and the concepts of happiness differ greatly. The author also gives a model of ‘integrative’ concept of happiness.

Keywords: psychology, ethics, happiness, perception of the world, pleasure, virtue, goodness, blessing, freedom, immortality, knowledge

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2018.1.25195

Abstract: The article is devoted to studying teenager health, first of all, factors that may preserve and psychologically prevent health problems. The subject of the research is the relationship between teenager health and their emotions and competences. Within the framework of this article the author views the emotions and competences as the factor that determines one's health and the ground for psychological prevention of illnesses. Emotions and competences become especially important when it comes to education and character education because the contemporary education system is still built on the principle of developing intellectual abilities rather than emotions and competences. The methodology of the research is based on the analysis and generalization of literature data and recent researches devoted to the relationship between emotions and competences and one's health. The author also carries out her own research using psychological tests. The author's special contribution to the matter is that the author analyzes emotions and competences and health of teenagers in relation to the psychosomatic approach to modern medicine and psychology. Summarized results obtained in the course of the research allow to describe particularities of emotions and competences in a group of respondents with different types of health complaints. These data can be used as the basis for preventive work with teenagers. 

Keywords: development, productivity, education, teenager, health, state of health, competence, fatigue, emotional state, emotion

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2018.4.28390

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the most nettlesome issues, i.e. how to teach teenagers with slight mental retardation to differentiate their emotions. This is a very important social issue because teaching such children how to deal with their emotions is the must for harmonic integration of these teenagers into the social environment and society in general. Music therapy is one of a very good means of the development of emotional sphere. The musical language is the language of emotions and feelings, through which music conveys the content and strength of a person's feelings, thereby causing a reciprocal emotional experience. As indicators of the differentiation of emotions, the ability to differentiate emotions through facial expressions was measured using pictograms and photographs, and the verbal designation of emotions was also evaluated. The study showed that adolescents with a mild degree of mental retardation experience pronounced difficulties in identifying emotions, do not take into account emotional nuances. The positive influence of the means of music therapy on the ability to differentiate emotions, increase the accuracy and diversity of expression of their own emotions is proved. The musical impact allowed adolescents with a mild degree of mental retardation to expand the range of emotions experienced, to increase the emotional vocabulary. 

Keywords: identification, music, music therapy, correction, expression, emotion differentiation, mental retardation, teenagers, emotional sphere, facial expressions

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to study the structure of envy determinants. The research is b ased on the main provisions of the system approach, in particular, the conception of the system determination of psychic phenomena. Component structure of the envy determinants is composed out of determinants of different type. The main prerequisite for envy is the subjective unequality of people. Universal factors which create the envious attitude are described as a person’s frustrated needs, subjective ‘superiority’ of the Other and similar social status of the Other. Causes of envy are divided into internal and external causes. External causes include macro-environment (cultural, economic, social and political circumstances) as well as micro-environment (socialization in small groups). Internal causes include the level of ontological development of a person, low level of a person’s subjectivity and certain values, beliefs and stereotypes of a person and peculiarities of his perception, intlellect, emotions, motivations, level of reflexion and morals. Defined types of determinants are integrated into a complex structure and have certain dynamical relations with one another.

Keywords: psychology, envy, attitude, personality, determinant, prerequisites, conditions, factors, components, structure.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.17981

Abstract: This article discusses the causes of avoidance behavior typical for psychogenic disorders. The author offers his own model of avoidance behavior that leads to increased emotional stress, formation of distress and development of psychogenic disorders. By assuming that the most common symptoms in the development of psychogenic disorders are anxiety and depression, most notably manifested in neurotic spectrumof psychogenias, the author builds his explanatory model based on the example of the development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Assuming that one of the key personal factors causing the neurotic state is the factor of the loss of the meaning, contextually related to the exclusion phenomenon, the author relates these phenomena to anxiety and depression concluding that depressive disorders are the meaning loss syndrome, and anxiety disorders are the alienation syndrome. The methodological basis of the model is the presentation of the author's view on experience in terms of its qualitative definiteness as well as the method of quality structures. Avoidance behavior is described as the combination of four aspects of alienation: avoidance of intimacy, avoidance of stress and pain, avoidance of action, and avoidance of choice. The article is recommended for psychologists and psychotherapists.

Keywords: neurotic disorder, alienation, emotional stress, stress, anxiety, loss of the meaning, loss of prospects, feeling impossible, personal position, depression

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.67764

Abstract: This article discusses the causes of avoidance behavior typical for psychogenic disorders. The author offers his own model of avoidance behavior that leads to increased emotional stress, formation of distress and development of psychogenic disorders. By assuming that the most common symptoms in the development of psychogenic disorders are anxiety and depression, most notably manifested in neurotic spectrumof psychogenias, the author builds his explanatory model based on the example of the development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Assuming that one of the key personal factors causing the neurotic state is the factor of the loss of the meaning, contextually related to the exclusion phenomenon, the author relates these phenomena to anxiety and depression concluding that depressive disorders are the meaning loss syndrome, and anxiety disorders are the alienation syndrome. The methodological basis of the model is the presentation of the author's view on experience in terms of its qualitative definiteness as well as the method of quality structures. Avoidance behavior is described as the combination of four aspects of alienation: avoidance of intimacy, avoidance of stress and pain, avoidance of action, and avoidance of choice. The article is recommended for psychologists and psychotherapists.

Keywords: neurotic disorder, alienation, emotional stress, stress, anxiety, loss of the meaning, loss of prospects, feeling impossible, personal position, depression

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.2.10852

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.2.64035

Abstract: The subject matter of the present research article is the nature of human love as expressed in Plato’s philosophy. Plato viewed love as one’s desire to restore his integrity and become complete. The same idea was raised again by the followers of humanistic psychology such as Erich Fromm, Gordon Allport, Karen Horney, Harry Sullivan and others. The author of the present article describes different forms of love and touches upon the issue of emotional ‘poverty’ of a modern human compared to, for example, an ancient Greek. The author also underlines that new forms of neurotic love have been appearing lately. According to the author, this is the result of the invasion of market relations into the most intimate spheres of human life. In her research, depending on a set goal, the author uses general scientific methods of research such as the method of comparative analysis, synthesis, structured method and systems method. The scientific novelty of this research article is the discussion of Plato’s concept of love developed by neo-Freudianism which allowed to see the phenomenon of love in the ‘humanistic’ dimension. The author also emphasizes the fact that the representatives of humanistic psychology made a significant contribution to the studies of the phenomenon of love apart from their contribution to the development of the concepts of personality, individuality and value of human. Love exists in different forms so we can say it may have different expressions depending on the historical epoch, but the main motive of love has always been the longing for the lost integrity and the desire to overcome the feeling of existential loneliness and feel completed again in the union with the other person. However, a modern human has rather poor emotions and this leads to creation of new neurotic expressions of love where true feelings are replaced with the importance of market relations. For the first time in a long period of humanistic psychology the author attracts our attention to the topic of love again and restores the concept of love as the way to overcome the main problem of human existence based on the experience of the modern society.

Keywords: humanistic psychology, philosophical anthropology, love, human, essay, being, existence, integrity, social character, human nature, emotional world.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.14652

Abstract: The object of the research is hate as a philosophical and anthropological phenomenon. Hate is considered as an obligatory and irremovable treat of human nature, mutli-aspect and specific phenomenon that is unequal to aggression, anger, hostility or disgust. The author researches historical and anthropological sources of hate, analyses its affective and axiological aspects, discovers unconscious mechanism of this phenomenon, and examines the paradoxical connection between hate and love, hate and pleasure. The author shows the difference between two side of hate – destructive and constructive, describes cases when there is an excuse for hate (when it helps to struggle or survive) and emphasizes that hate is devastating for human spirit.

Keywords: emotional ambivalence, anger, hostility, ressentiment, misanthropology, hate, philosophical anthropology, existentia, unconsciousness, psychoanalysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.66454

Abstract: The object of the research is hate as a philosophical and anthropological phenomenon. Hate is considered as an obligatory and irremovable treat of human nature, mutli-aspect and specific phenomenon that is unequal to aggression, anger, hostility or disgust. The author researches historical and anthropological sources of hate, analyses its affective and axiological aspects, discovers unconscious mechanism of this phenomenon, and examines the paradoxical connection between hate and love, hate and pleasure. The author shows the difference between two side of hate – destructive and constructive, describes cases when there is an excuse for hate (when it helps to struggle or survive) and emphasizes that hate is devastating for human spirit.

Keywords: emotional ambivalence, anger, hostility, ressentiment, misanthropology, hate, philosophical anthropology, existentia, unconsciousness, psychoanalysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.11451

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.64217

Abstract: The authors of the present research article summarize and systematize scientific views on the phenomenon of emotions experienced by women suffering from reproductive malfunction. The authors describe the influence of emotions on women’ reproductive function and provide the results of the empiric research of emotions experienced by 50 women suffering from reproductive malfunction of different genesis: hormonal diseases, malfunction of uterine tubes, recurrent miscarriage, abnormal prenatal development of a child, gynecological diseases of somatic origin (endometriosis, cysts and myomas) and non-gynecological diseases of somatic nature influencing the reproductive function. The results of the research show that women suffering from reproductive malfunction often experience high levels of personal anxiety and situational anxiety. They are included to depression, experience a high level of frustration and have anxious and ambivalent attitudes to getting pregnant and having a child in the future. Based on these results, the authors describe the structure of personal features of women suffering from reproductive malfunction and prove that emotions are the central element in this structure. These emotions are basic and in many ways determine women’s quality of life and efficiency of their treatment and rehabilitation. According to the authors, if we take into account their emotions, it will improve the process of psychological assistance of women suffering from reproductive malfunction.

Keywords: psychology, emotions, reproductive malfunction, personality structure, stress, depression, frustration, anxiety, sterility, style of experiencing pregnancy, attitude to pregnancy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.6.62804

Abstract: The article represents the translation of the 6th chapter of J. A. Steinbock’s work devoted to the distinctive structure of emotions. The chapter is translated by Konyaeva S. N. and Sultanova M. A.

Keywords: psychology, emotions, structure, founded acts, phenomenology, trust, Husserl.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.15142

Abstract: In the present article Berezina and Sokolov analyze the problem of emotional security of the educational environment, in particular, improvement of the mental state of students during exams. The authors examine the most famous consequences of examination stress such as worsening of academic performance or even psychosomatic disorders. The authors describe the existing methods of increasing examination anxiety including psychorelaxation and behavioral techniques. The subject of the present article is the figurative modeling as a mean of impoving the mental state. The object of the research is the implementation of techniques transforming mental images of the highest order (de-emphasis of the negative image and creation of the positive image) during university exams. The main research method is the quasi-experiment that was carried out in the two groups of respondents, experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 25 people. Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors demonstrate that the implementation of the figurative modeling techniques during exams decreases the state anxiety, make a student less worried about grades and partially improve his mood. The figurative modeling is viewed as a cognitive method that is aimed at direct work with cognitions (beliefs, expectations, thoughts) and allows to improve the mental state of students by applying the method of image thinking. 

Keywords: images of the highest order, figurative thinking, figurative modeling, psychological training, cognitive psychology, emotional safety, mental images, examination stress, state anxiety, mental state

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.66639

Abstract: In the present article Berezina and Sokolov analyze the problem of emotional security of the educational environment, in particular, improvement of the mental state of students during exams. The authors examine the most famous consequences of examination stress such as worsening of academic performance or even psychosomatic disorders. The authors describe the existing methods of increasing examination anxiety including psychorelaxation and behavioral techniques. The subject of the present article is the figurative modeling as a mean of impoving the mental state. The object of the research is the implementation of techniques transforming mental images of the highest order (de-emphasis of the negative image and creation of the positive image) during university exams. The main research method is the quasi-experiment that was carried out in the two groups of respondents, experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 25 people. Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors demonstrate that the implementation of the figurative modeling techniques during exams decreases the state anxiety, make a student less worried about grades and partially improve his mood. The figurative modeling is viewed as a cognitive method that is aimed at direct work with cognitions (beliefs, expectations, thoughts) and allows to improve the mental state of students by applying the method of image thinking. 

Keywords: images of the highest order, figurative thinking, figurative modeling, psychological training, cognitive psychology, emotional safety, mental images, examination stress, state anxiety, mental state

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.19610

Abstract: Little is said about existentialism in Russian literature. Time has passed since every new work related to that school of philosophy sparked interest. In their researches S. Velikovsky, T. Kuzmina, E. Soloviev, T. Tavrizian and others have described the basic provisions of existential philosophy and analyzed their meaning. In the middle of the last century each new publication on existentialism arose great interest. However, it is no more the case. None researches devoted to existentialism have appeared in Russian literature over the last years. As a result, general interest towards existentiailsm has considerably faded. No more we remember existentialists' passionate statement that it is impossible to be back on track after Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. This creates the need in new grounds for philosophical reflection. Unfortunately, many authors think that existential philosophy with all its appealing to spiritual experience does not work for our time. There are attempts to 'change' existentialism, to adjust it to modern realities refusing the importance of existential experience as an independent and singular emotional experience.  Some researchers even say that existentialism opposed to community commitment and activity in general. This evaluation is neither just nor acceptable. In her research Tolsteneva has used the principle of historicism that allowed to compare existential traditions to modern interpretations of existential experience. The researcher has also used principles and methods of philosophical anthropology. The author tries to analyze some researchers' attempts to 'change' existentialism and adjust it to the needs of modern social sciences. The author notes that these attempts to 'adjust' 'scandalous' existential thought to modern social situations can be viewed as a review of existentialism and reinterpretation of a unique choice made by personality. The author also notes that by no means existentialism is a teaching about estrangement. Of course, the concept of activity as it is interpreted within the framework of positivist progress is alien for existentialism. However, adepts of existentialism paid much attention to responsibility for what's going on in the world. Existentialism is not the philosophy of non-activity, estrangement or submission to social dictate. Within the framework of existentialism, intellectual effors are destined to provide a sober and bitter evaluation of today's situation in the world. By analyzing the history of existentialism, the author of the article states that existentialism's community commitment is in its search for the meaning including the meaning of social processes as the existential solution of the problem. 

Keywords: existentialism, experience, reason, activity, history, existential experience, culture, singularity, being, existence

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.68317

Abstract: Little is said about existentialism in Russian literature. Time has passed since every new work related to that school of philosophy sparked interest. In their researches S. Velikovsky, T. Kuzmina, E. Soloviev, T. Tavrizian and others have described the basic provisions of existential philosophy and analyzed their meaning. In the middle of the last century each new publication on existentialism arose great interest. However, it is no more the case. None researches devoted to existentialism have appeared in Russian literature over the last years. As a result, general interest towards existentiailsm has considerably faded. No more we remember existentialists' passionate statement that it is impossible to be back on track after Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. This creates the need in new grounds for philosophical reflection. Unfortunately, many authors think that existential philosophy with all its appealing to spiritual experience does not work for our time. There are attempts to 'change' existentialism, to adjust it to modern realities refusing the importance of existential experience as an independent and singular emotional experience.  Some researchers even say that existentialism opposed to community commitment and activity in general. This evaluation is neither just nor acceptable. In her research Tolsteneva has used the principle of historicism that allowed to compare existential traditions to modern interpretations of existential experience. The researcher has also used principles and methods of philosophical anthropology. The author tries to analyze some researchers' attempts to 'change' existentialism and adjust it to the needs of modern social sciences. The author notes that these attempts to 'adjust' 'scandalous' existential thought to modern social situations can be viewed as a review of existentialism and reinterpretation of a unique choice made by personality. The author also notes that by no means existentialism is a teaching about estrangement. Of course, the concept of activity as it is interpreted within the framework of positivist progress is alien for existentialism. However, adepts of existentialism paid much attention to responsibility for what's going on in the world. Existentialism is not the philosophy of non-activity, estrangement or submission to social dictate. Within the framework of existentialism, intellectual effors are destined to provide a sober and bitter evaluation of today's situation in the world. By analyzing the history of existentialism, the author of the article states that existentialism's community commitment is in its search for the meaning including the meaning of social processes as the existential solution of the problem. 

Keywords: existentialism, experience, reason, activity, history, existential experience, culture, singularity, being, existence

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.21125

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is the examination stress as one of the first reasons that cause psychic tension for university students. Examination stress is one of the topics that attract attention of many foreign and Russian researchers. Emotions experienced by students during their exams can be undoubtedly considered as emotional stress. Situations when students take exams often cause so-called examination neurosis and take one of the first places among other reasons causing psychic tension of students. On the one hand, it is well known that there are certain individual personality traits that provoke negative emotions and feelings during exams. On the other hand, particular physiological measures change during exams, too. It is known that when a student experiences examination stress, his or her personality traits influence the cardiovascular response and dynamic changes of the constant potential (omega-potential). The purpose of the present research is to analyze individual personality traits and vegetative responses demonstrated by students in a stress situation. Personality traits were defined by using the short version of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory offered by L. Sobchik, in particular, using the following scales from the 1st scale (self-control) to the 0 scale (social introvesion). The authors have also used the  State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Charles Spielberger adopted by Yu. Khanin). Physiological stress markers were determined by using the Robinson's Index as a cardiovascular indicator and omega-potential as an indicator of brain activity. During one week before exam and one week after exam the researchers recorded students' heart rate and blood pressure in order to calcuate the Robinson's Index that describes the response of the cardiovascular system in the course of developing examination stress. Brain activity potential (omega potential) was also measured during one week before and one week after the exam. By using Excel and STATISTICA 10.0 programs, the authors have conducted mathematical-and-statistical processing of data by using the non-parametric criterion of math statistics, i.e. the sign test to compare average data within groups, and Spearman correlation coefficient (r). The authors have also used the cluster analysis by using the k-average method. 48 people aged 19-23 participated in the research. The following conclusions can be made based on the results. The researchers have described two groups of students with different responses to examination stress depending on SMMI scores. The comparative analysis of their profiles in these two groups has shown that the first group of respondents demonstrate scores within the norm. The second group of respondents demonstrate psychopathic personality traits (excessive control, impulsivity and introvesion) and personality accentuations (rigidy and anxiety as psychological stress markers). Respondents of the second group also demonstrate intense instability to stress and high probability of neurotic disorders. In these two groups examination stress have a different effect on cardiovascular and brain activity indicators. The first-group students showed speeding up of excessively slow physiological process of brain activity and cardioregulation processes as physiological stress markers in a situation of examination stress. The researchers also discovered the correlation between psychological and physiological indicators (psychophysiological stress-markers) typical for each group. The results of the present research can be interesting for understanding the mechanisms of psychophysiological regulation and applied for the purpose of improving the teaching process as well as to understand the physiological nature of examination stress and develop relevant programs of coping with examination stress.   

Keywords: individual personality traits, psychoemotional response, students, psychophysiological stress markers, physiological stress markers, psychological stress markers, omega-potential, Robinson’s index, SMMI, examination stress

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.68491

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is the examination stress as one of the first reasons that cause psychic tension for university students. Examination stress is one of the topics that attract attention of many foreign and Russian researchers. Emotions experienced by students during their exams can be undoubtedly considered as emotional stress. Situations when students take exams often cause so-called examination neurosis and take one of the first places among other reasons causing psychic tension of students. On the one hand, it is well known that there are certain individual personality traits that provoke negative emotions and feelings during exams. On the other hand, particular physiological measures change during exams, too. It is known that when a student experiences examination stress, his or her personality traits influence the cardiovascular response and dynamic changes of the constant potential (omega-potential). The purpose of the present research is to analyze individual personality traits and vegetative responses demonstrated by students in a stress situation. Personality traits were defined by using the short version of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory offered by L. Sobchik, in particular, using the following scales from the 1st scale (self-control) to the 0 scale (social introvesion). The authors have also used the  State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Charles Spielberger adopted by Yu. Khanin). Physiological stress markers were determined by using the Robinson's Index as a cardiovascular indicator and omega-potential as an indicator of brain activity. During one week before exam and one week after exam the researchers recorded students' heart rate and blood pressure in order to calcuate the Robinson's Index that describes the response of the cardiovascular system in the course of developing examination stress. Brain activity potential (omega potential) was also measured during one week before and one week after the exam. By using Excel and STATISTICA 10.0 programs, the authors have conducted mathematical-and-statistical processing of data by using the non-parametric criterion of math statistics, i.e. the sign test to compare average data within groups, and Spearman correlation coefficient (r). The authors have also used the cluster analysis by using the k-average method. 48 people aged 19-23 participated in the research. The following conclusions can be made based on the results. The researchers have described two groups of students with different responses to examination stress depending on SMMI scores. The comparative analysis of their profiles in these two groups has shown that the first group of respondents demonstrate scores within the norm. The second group of respondents demonstrate psychopathic personality traits (excessive control, impulsivity and introvesion) and personality accentuations (rigidy and anxiety as psychological stress markers). Respondents of the second group also demonstrate intense instability to stress and high probability of neurotic disorders. In these two groups examination stress have a different effect on cardiovascular and brain activity indicators. The first-group students showed speeding up of excessively slow physiological process of brain activity and cardioregulation processes as physiological stress markers in a situation of examination stress. The researchers also discovered the correlation between psychological and physiological indicators (psychophysiological stress-markers) typical for each group. The results of the present research can be interesting for understanding the mechanisms of psychophysiological regulation and applied for the purpose of improving the teaching process as well as to understand the physiological nature of examination stress and develop relevant programs of coping with examination stress.   

Keywords: individual personality traits, psychoemotional response, students, psychophysiological stress markers, physiological stress markers, psychological stress markers, omega-potential, Robinson’s index, SMMI, examination stress

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.11879

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.65238

Abstract: Over the last fifty years neurosciences, comparative etiology, social studies of religion and institutional economy have significantly extended our views on the motives of human behavior. The ‘side-effect’ consequence of such an extension is a denial, full or partial, from the Enlightenment concept of Self as an independent source of action. Methodology of studying the affect followed, too. Now the ‘strong passion’ is viewed not as a result of tensed internal life that has very little connection with the external environment but a difficult and prolonged response to the environment. Our belief that our emotions are actually hours has turned out to be just an illusion. Figuratively speaking, human is like a canvas used by an artist for creating a painting. The canvas ‘thinks’ that it has something to do with the action and that all paints and images belong to it but this is not quite true. Out of possible variants of word views only modern theology defends the thesis about the reality of consciousness. In the course of research the author applies the rule of deductive and inductive logic, standard analytical procedures and rules of hermeneutics and phenomenology. The author of the article also makes an attempt to summarize conclusions made on the basis of the latest works by Jean-Marie Sheffer, Daniel Dennet and Mansur Olson who touched upon the problems of studying the affect in the humanities. Changes caused by the rapid growth of knowledge about human behavior have led to the radical shift of the perspective. First of all, introspection has lost its popularity. Self-observation and self-analysis of emotions is now quite a low-effective strategy. Secondly, preference is given to the external circumstances since the phenomenon of individuality appears to be rather doubtful. The affect is shown as a complex and prolonged response to the environment and therefore usual observation provides better results in better terms. Thirdly, the last ‘shelter’ of the Enlightenment views on human is the modern ‘non-critical’ theology that views a full denial of the Self theory as something which would mean the final and complete failure of humanistic views on the affect.

Keywords: affect, strong passion, consciousness, progress, science, neuroeconomics, etiology, theology, critics of the world view, individuality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.15306

Abstract: The authors of the present research has conducted the comparative theoretical analysis of cruelty. It is revealed that views on the nature and origin of violence has been changing significantly throughout times. The authors describe differences in views on cruelty during the classical and post-classical periods of the development of psychology . The authors have also identified some specific factors that contribute to the formation and manifestation of violence. By analyzing the results of various researches, the authors show the distinctive features of cruelty from similar phenomena such as rage, aggression and hatred. The authors also consider the influence of genetic features and acquired social factors on the formation and manifestation of cruelty. It is revealed that cruelty is not only a permanent or situational quality, a variety of reasons and factors of different nature and content influences it. The main methods of the research of the phenomenon of violence in this article were: theoretical analysis, psychological and comparative analysis and classification of the conceptual framework. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have reviewed and reconceived a number of concepts of cruelty. The authors have also described and analyzed internal and external factors that lead to cruelty. Based on the theoretical analysis of cruelty the authors emphasize the need to clarify the meaning and significance of this concept for a more thorough identification of numerous terminological differences in the use of the term "cruelty".

Keywords: psychology, personality, cruelty, aggression, hatred, rage, ruthlessness, gloating, violence, sadism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.67112

Abstract: The authors of the present research has conducted the comparative theoretical analysis of cruelty. It is revealed that views on the nature and origin of violence has been changing significantly throughout times. The authors describe differences in views on cruelty during the classical and post-classical periods of the development of psychology . The authors have also identified some specific factors that contribute to the formation and manifestation of violence. By analyzing the results of various researches, the authors show the distinctive features of cruelty from similar phenomena such as rage, aggression and hatred. The authors also consider the influence of genetic features and acquired social factors on the formation and manifestation of cruelty. It is revealed that cruelty is not only a permanent or situational quality, a variety of reasons and factors of different nature and content influences it. The main methods of the research of the phenomenon of violence in this article were: theoretical analysis, psychological and comparative analysis and classification of the conceptual framework. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have reviewed and reconceived a number of concepts of cruelty. The authors have also described and analyzed internal and external factors that lead to cruelty. Based on the theoretical analysis of cruelty the authors emphasize the need to clarify the meaning and significance of this concept for a more thorough identification of numerous terminological differences in the use of the term "cruelty".

Keywords: violence, gloat, psychology, personality, cruelty, aggression, hatred, rage, ruthlessness, sadism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.10.16780

Abstract: The article investigates forms of interpersonal emotional interaction between people in the system of significant (family and close) relations. The subject under analysis is the features of systemic manipulation in the field of intimate relationships through the formation of emotional pain symptom complex. The author has examined the means of emotional pressure and blackmail and their substantive content; phenomenological aspects of different emotionally manipulated strategies with the description of key features of their implementation; targets of emotionally manipulative influence in terms of their comparison to the classification of manipulation strategies; psychological features of emotional aggressors and consequences of involvement of an individual into a vicious circle of manipulative relationships. The main research methods used by the author of the article include methods of scientific and reflective analysis of the academic literature and clinical experience followed by systematic generalization. The main original results of the research are the following: definition of the types, features and psychological mechanisms of emotional manipulation in relation to significant interpersonal relationships. The author has described significant features, means and conditions of the emotional pressure of partners on each other. The author have also defined criteria and typological features, dynamics and symptom complexes of emotional pressure and blackmail in human relations. The author has also discussed the consequences of the person giving up before the emotional pressure and described specific psychological features of emotional "blackmail". The author shows the dynamics and mechanisms of destruction of emotional ties and trust between close friends and defines the possibility of coping with the problems of this kind at the personal level. 

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.10.67166

Abstract: The article investigates forms of interpersonal emotional interaction between people in the system of significant (family and close) relations. The subject under analysis is the features of systemic manipulation in the field of intimate relationships through the formation of emotional pain symptom complex. The author has examined the means of emotional pressure and blackmail and their substantive content; phenomenological aspects of different emotionally manipulated strategies with the description of key features of their implementation; targets of emotionally manipulative influence in terms of their comparison to the classification of manipulation strategies; psychological features of emotional aggressors and consequences of involvement of an individual into a vicious circle of manipulative relationships. The main research methods used by the author of the article include methods of scientific and reflective analysis of the academic literature and clinical experience followed by systematic generalization. The main original results of the research are the following: definition of the types, features and psychological mechanisms of emotional manipulation in relation to significant interpersonal relationships. The author has described significant features, means and conditions of the emotional pressure of partners on each other. The author have also defined criteria and typological features, dynamics and symptom complexes of emotional pressure and blackmail in human relations. The author has also discussed the consequences of the person giving up before the emotional pressure and described specific psychological features of emotional "blackmail". The author shows the dynamics and mechanisms of destruction of emotional ties and trust between close friends and defines the possibility of coping with the problems of this kind at the personal level. 

Keywords: impact, pain, mental, blackmail, manipulation, emotional, relationship, peace, inner, feeling

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.12.13889

Abstract: Salman Akhtar is the American psychoanalyst, the winner of numerous scientific awards and the author of more than three hundred scientific publications. In his book "Matters of Life and Death", he, relaying on the teaching of Sigmund Freud about the two "basic instincts" and complementing later studies of other well-known psychoanalysts, considers human life as consisting of the two main components, life and death, from the point of view of their opposition and continuity. Viewing happiness as one of the basic life-related concepts, the author clarifies its meaning in the works of different authors. Combining the different scientific views on happiness, the author divides the latter into four categories: pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction by tracing their ontological roots, metapsychological correlates, as well as components associated with personal experience. In the present book the author offers a brief review of psychoanalytical researches on the problem of happiness. Starting from Freud's views, he proceeds to analyzing different psychoanalytical concepts of happiness and then offers his own view on the phenomena that relate to happiness. Based on the results of various researches and his own observations, the author defines the four types of happiness (pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction), describes their nature, specific features and in conclusion points out the spheres calling for further investigations. 

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.12.67381

Abstract: Salman Akhtar is the American psychoanalyst, the winner of numerous scientific awards and the author of more than three hundred scientific publications. In his book "Matters of Life and Death", he, relaying on the teaching of Sigmund Freud about the two "basic instincts" and complementing later studies of other well-known psychoanalysts, considers human life as consisting of the two main components, life and death, from the point of view of their opposition and continuity. Viewing happiness as one of the basic life-related concepts, the author clarifies its meaning in the works of different authors. Combining the different scientific views on happiness, the author divides the latter into four categories: pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction by tracing their ontological roots, metapsychological correlates, as well as components associated with personal experience. In the present book the author offers a brief review of psychoanalytical researches on the problem of happiness. Starting from Freud's views, he proceeds to analyzing different psychoanalytical concepts of happiness and then offers his own view on the phenomena that relate to happiness. Based on the results of various researches and his own observations, the author defines the four types of happiness (pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction), describes their nature, specific features and in conclusion points out the spheres calling for further investigations. 

Keywords: euphory, pleasure, civilization, instincts, suffering, happiness, psychoanalysis, ecstasy, satisfaction, culture