DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.17622

Abstract: The subject of the present reserach is the problem of love and marriage as interrelated phenomena as well as their interpretation in Russian artistic texts and philosophical discourses. The rationale for choosing this topic is the deconstruction of traditional famly values in today's sociocutural situation when new forms of legitimized family relations which used to be rejected by society appear and the value of love as the basis of family is in question taking into account the processes of culture commercialization and individual atomization. The researchers have used the method of textual analysis and discourse-analysis to analyze representative texts from Russian fiction and philosophy. The authors have also used the diachronic method to research cultural phenomena. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors study modern contradictions in interpersonal relations that possess the features of post-modernist culture and society from the point of view of similar crises in the Russian culture of the 19th century that were reflected in literary and philosophical discourses. The conclusion is made that inspite of cultural changes many of the aspects of love-family relations have universal meaning and are a part of human being's existence. Thus, the authors outline universal anthropological phenomena, love and family, that remain stable despite changes in cultural paradigms. 

Keywords: discourse, love, regulation, power, representation, literature, philosophy, interpersonal relations, family, culture

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68259

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the development of the 'female' theme in the art of the XVIIIth - XXth centuries and Russian art as illustrated by the images of churchwomen and nuns. The authors of the article discovers a complex relationship between secular culture and religion. Having received the impression of the Age of Enlightenment, the literature of the XVIIIth century depicted monkery as something negative like slavery or prison the heroines tried to escape by all means as illustrated in Denis Diderot's, Abbé Prévost's and Marquis de Sade's works. The XIXth century did not make the images of nuns more realistic. For example, the 'Ballet of Nuns' from Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera is a bright example of how the secular society of the July Monarchy treated monkery. Romanticism and the Pre-Raphaelites depicted nuns from the piont of view of Gothic romance and poetical images which again had very little to do with the reality. On the contrary to those secular tendencies, the XIXth century faced numerous pilgrimage centers and facts of manifestation of Holy Mother. That was the time when Saint Anne Catherine Emmerich who had the marks of stigmata lived. In the XXth century secular art started to depict lives of nuns and churchwomen with more understanding (Georges Bernanos), however, at the age of globalization pop culture created a false image eroticizing monkery in cinematograph and pop music. The problem is that secular art expresses opinions and views of people who lead a bohemian life and therefore very far from understanding monkery as another social category. Gender themes demonstrate particular socio-cultural changes in social life and attitude to religion as well as the problem of the man-and-woman relationship. The relevance of the research is caused, first of all, by the fact that the authors appeal to the image of women who had devoted their life to God, i.e. nuns and churchwomen. The authors of the present research describe the times after the French Revolution with all its contradictions. According to the authors, it is very importance for us to analyze that experience because we ourselves are living in the age of changes, historical paradigm shift and development of the society.  

Keywords: dechristianization, Huguenots, cinematography, Pre-Raphaelites, Victorian England, mariphania, nuns, churchwomen, Enlightenment

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68260

Abstract: The subject of this article is the possibility and objectivity of the systems approach applied to the identification of the ontological essence of the phenomenon of mass culture that is understood by the author primarily as a form of the historical development of fundamental culture, systemic modification of the whole fixing the way to connect its separate structures with each other as well as the coherence of cultural systems depending on their functions and purposes in the movement of culture across space and time taking into account the relationship with other systems (people, society, nature). In this regard, the main scientific and theoretical basis of the article includes cultural and philosophic views of the famous Russian scientist M.S. Kagan expressed in his fundamental work "Philosophy of Culture" (1996). Noteworthy that activity grounds of culture relate to its iconic apperception and all of its space relates to the global semantic structure of subjects, objects, outcomes, processes, institutions that are also in one way or another reflected in a significant number of researches (for example, the interpretation of culture by E.A. Baller, V.P. Vizgin, V.E. Davidovich, Yu.À. Zhdanov, V.J. Kelle, Yu.M. Lotman, M.K. Mamardashvili, E.S. Markarian, A.A. Pilipenko, I.G. Yakovenko, etc.). This creates a syncretical research organum designated not just to identify the fact of culture itself but also to reveal the structural semantic grounds that define its multi-dimensional existences. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that proving the idea of the need to conceptually establish the limits of the systems cultural references within the framework of its diachronic and synchronic grounds, the author makes an attempt to clarify the historical importance and purpose of the phenomenon of mass culture by the means of the systems approach. The author also clarifies terms 'mass culture' and 'masses'. 

Keywords: vectors of culture, innovation, tradition, dynamics of culture, form of culture, systems approach, culture, mass culture, theory of culture

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.17171

Abstract: The subject of the research is the activity of a leading composer, theorist, polemist, teacher and conductor of New Music Pierre Boulez whose activity led to the foundation of Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM, the Centre Pompidou in Paris). Petruseva analyzes the environment and stages of Boulez' creative activity, three types of musical establishments (training, performing and research establishments), IRCAM structure; Boulez' article 'Technology and the Composer' that became the manifesto of IRCAM; Boulez' interpretation of the total serialism, denial of preceding (nearest) tradition and transition to the period of 'synthesis'. The researcher uses an integrated research method that combines comparative studies, structural musical methods and elements of social methods. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author tries to outline the borders of anthroposociological research based on the example of Pierre Boulez' sociocultural activity. As a conclusion, the author describes the single line of Boulez' activity that starts with immediate problems of aesthetics, musical material, language and New Music concept and comes to musical establishments through the problems of perception and music performance. 

Keywords: post-serialistic modernism, 'vector composition', types of musical establishments, teaching, performing New Music, research-related, structure and manifesto, New Music, IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et de Coordination Ac, stages of Boulez' creative activity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68071

Abstract: The subject of the present reserach is the problem of love and marriage as interrelated phenomena as well as their interpretation in Russian artistic texts and philosophical discourses. The rationale for choosing this topic is the deconstruction of traditional famly values in today's sociocutural situation when new forms of legitimized family relations which used to be rejected by society appear and the value of love as the basis of family is in question taking into account the processes of culture commercialization and individual atomization. The researchers have used the method of textual analysis and discourse-analysis to analyze representative texts from Russian fiction and philosophy. The authors have also used the diachronic method to research cultural phenomena. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors study modern contradictions in interpersonal relations that possess the features of post-modernist culture and society from the point of view of similar crises in the Russian culture of the 19th century that were reflected in literary and philosophical discourses. The conclusion is made that inspite of cultural changes many of the aspects of love-family relations have universal meaning and are a part of human being's existence. Thus, the authors outline universal anthropological phenomena, love and family, that remain stable despite changes in cultural paradigms. 

Keywords: discourse, love, regulation, power, representation, literature, philosophy, interpersonal relations, family, culture

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.16735

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the development of the 'female' theme in the art of the XVIIIth - XXth centuries and Russian art as illustrated by the images of churchwomen and nuns. The authors of the article discovers a complex relationship between secular culture and religion. Having received the impression of the Age of Enlightenment, the literature of the XVIIIth century depicted monkery as something negative like slavery or prison the heroines tried to escape by all means as illustrated in Denis Diderot's, Abbé Prévost's and Marquis de Sade's works. The XIXth century did not make the images of nuns more realistic. For example, the 'Ballet of Nuns' from Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera is a bright example of how the secular society of the July Monarchy treated monkery. Romanticism and the Pre-Raphaelites depicted nuns from the piont of view of Gothic romance and poetical images which again had very little to do with the reality. On the contrary to those secular tendencies, the XIXth century faced numerous pilgrimage centers and facts of manifestation of Holy Mother. That was the time when Saint Anne Catherine Emmerich who had the marks of stigmata lived. In the XXth century secular art started to depict lives of nuns and churchwomen with more understanding (Georges Bernanos), however, at the age of globalization pop culture created a false image eroticizing monkery in cinematograph and pop music. The problem is that secular art expresses opinions and views of people who lead a bohemian life and therefore very far from understanding monkery as another social category. Gender themes demonstrate particular socio-cultural changes in social life and attitude to religion as well as the problem of the man-and-woman relationship. The relevance of the research is caused, first of all, by the fact that the authors appeal to the image of women who had devoted their life to God, i.e. nuns and churchwomen. The authors of the present research describe the times after the French Revolution with all its contradictions. According to the authors, it is very importance for us to analyze that experience because we ourselves are living in the age of changes, historical paradigm shift and development of the society.  

Keywords: dechristianization, Huguenots, Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day, cinematography, Pre-Raphaelites, Victorian England, mariphania, nuns, churchwomen, Enlightenment

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68261

Abstract: The article analyses the core idea (concept) of the Russian modern popular animated series (the examples of “Smeshariki” and “Masha and the Bear”) and its ethical values. In recent decades animated series that are based on such ethical values as kindness, friendshi, family and so on are growing in popularity. The purpose of the present research is to describe general principles of making successful animated series. Animated series are artistic products that is why an artistic component is very important in conveying the idea to the audience as well as marketing and promotion of animated series on domestic and international markets. The author of the article analyses the basic idea of animated series and episodes and their stories, plots, graphics and etc. as well as interviews with the authors of the ideas and promoters. The study also pays attention to the marketing and branding. The author comes to the conclusion that nowadays the good basic idea (concept) of animated series is necessary to succeed on the market. However, there are no popular animated series without well-known professionals in the industry providing quality embodiment of the basic idea and affecting feelings of the audience. Good promotion at the first stages of promoting the brand is also very important. 

Keywords: villain, hero, government support, promotion, animation, values, artistic product, animated series, concept of animated series, traditional values

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.20170

Abstract: The subject of this article is the possibility and objectivity of the systems approach applied to the identification of the ontological essence of the phenomenon of mass culture that is understood by the author primarily as a form of the historical development of fundamental culture, systemic modification of the whole fixing the way to connect its separate structures with each other as well as the coherence of cultural systems depending on their functions and purposes in the movement of culture across space and time taking into account the relationship with other systems (people, society, nature). In this regard, the main scientific and theoretical basis of the article includes cultural and philosophic views of the famous Russian scientist M.S. Kagan expressed in his fundamental work "Philosophy of Culture" (1996). Noteworthy that activity grounds of culture relate to its iconic apperception and all of its space relates to the global semantic structure of subjects, objects, outcomes, processes, institutions that are also in one way or another reflected in a significant number of researches (for example, the interpretation of culture by E.A. Baller, V.P. Vizgin, V.E. Davidovich, Yu.À. Zhdanov, V.J. Kelle, Yu.M. Lotman, M.K. Mamardashvili, E.S. Markarian, A.A. Pilipenko, I.G. Yakovenko, etc.). This creates a syncretical research organum designated not just to identify the fact of culture itself but also to reveal the structural semantic grounds that define its multi-dimensional existences. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that proving the idea of the need to conceptually establish the limits of the systems cultural references within the framework of its diachronic and synchronic grounds, the author makes an attempt to clarify the historical importance and purpose of the phenomenon of mass culture by the means of the systems approach. The author also clarifies terms 'mass culture' and 'masses'. 

Keywords: vectors of culture, innovation, tradition, dynamics of culture, form of culture, 'mass', systems approach, culture, mass culture, theory of culture

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68262

Abstract: The article is devoted to aesthetic evaluation of Andrey Zvyagintsev's film 'Leviathan'. Using rather provocative methods, the researcher proves the genre of the flim to be a classical ancient tragedy where a protagonist, Kolya, becomes a victim of fatal events represented by a Biblical monster Leviathan. Tokmachev finds a number of features bringing together the film's heroes with the heroes of ancient tragedies (plasticity and integrity of their images, no reflection towards their own actions, irrational behavior and amechania, i.e. inactivity in extreme situations). The film's plot resembles a tragedy, too, in particular, it has a great number of narrative mismatches and accidents (recognition and peripeties) as well as a fatal chain of irreversible events and misfortunes that fell on the shoulders of the innocent hero. The researcher believes that Andrey Zvyagintsev's film has got double layers. Classical ancient tragedy is 'disguised' as a burning drama, the conflict between a 'corrupted' mayor and an 'honest' businessman unfolding among sublime beauty of the Polar Region and plain charms of provincial towns. The author of the article notes that that external conflict literally split the audience into those who supported the film and those who opposed the film. The author proves that the aforesaid conflict was not the essence of the matter but just decoration and circumstances in which the existential tragedy unfolds. Andrey Zvyagintsev excludes the episode of 'Kolya's rebellion against the mayor' from the final version of the film. At the main moments the hero stays inactive being in the state of amechania. This means that his opponent is not personified. However, neither mayor nor church is guilty in Kolya's misfortunes. Nobody is guilty here. The author reminds that the logic of ancient tragedy is different from the logic of the Judeo-Christian myth because there are no cause-and-effect relationships expressed by the 'crime and punishment' formula. Going beyond the borders of the Judeo-Christian myth or even cause-and-effect relationships, Andrey Zvyagintsev 'stops the samsara wheel' and 'screws out' the hero from numerous 'dispositifs of power' in order to see it as a purpose but not means (Immanuel Kant's expression). This allows the audience to empathize the hero or even experience a catharsis but not shallow selfish feelings relating to the support of or opposition against political preferences. This relates Andrey Zvyagintsev to the best fiction of Russian philosophy and literature.  

Keywords: ancient tragedy, dispositif of power, eyeless destiny, cause-and-effect relationship, movie, Kola Peninsula, Andrey Zvyagintsev (film director), aesthetics, Judeo-Christian myth, Leviathan

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.19894

Abstract: The article analyses the core idea (concept) of the Russian modern popular animated series (the examples of “Smeshariki” and “Masha and the Bear”) and its ethical values. In recent decades animated series that are based on such ethical values as kindness, friendshi, family and so on are growing in popularity. The purpose of the present research is to describe general principles of making successful animated series. Animated series are artistic products that is why an artistic component is very important in conveying the idea to the audience as well as marketing and promotion of animated series on domestic and international markets. The author of the article analyses the basic idea of animated series and episodes and their stories, plots, graphics and etc. as well as interviews with the authors of the ideas and promoters. The study also pays attention to the marketing and branding. The author comes to the conclusion that nowadays the good basic idea (concept) of animated series is necessary to succeed on the market. However, there are no popular animated series without well-known professionals in the industry providing quality embodiment of the basic idea and affecting feelings of the audience. Good promotion at the first stages of promoting the brand is also very important. 

Keywords: villain, hero, government support, promotion, animation, values, artistic product, animated series, concept of animated series, traditional values

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68263

Abstract: In his article Khrenov attempts to define mythological subtexts that define how particular movies and films created in different periods are perceived by the audience. According to the author, these subtexts have a strong influence on mass consciousness of public, however, public is usually unaware of them. Among other things the content of mass reception includes out-of-cinematographic manifestations of collective unconscious. Mental projections of archetypic images which came into existence in different periods of cultural history and connected with utopian visions, myths, and religious symbols are coming to the fore. Noteworthy that projections on the city are precede the projections of collective unconscious on the cinema; they are transferred into the cinema later on. Finally, the cinema in principal makes a colossal intertext in which cultural history is reflected both in its axial and pre-axial aspects. The scope of analysis comes down to the projections which become realistic already at early stages of cinematography history. To define mythological, folklore and archetypical subtexts of cinematography reception, the author of the article has used methodology of such academic disciplines as receptive esthetics, cultural semiotics, sociology of art, crowd psychology, psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. The main conclusions of the research are the following: a) the structure of the audience of early cinematograph was made up mostly of urban social groups which had folklore stereotypes in their consciousness; b) the city was perceived in accordance with the folklore stereotype of the festive revelry; c) the folklore aura around the city projected by the yesterday's peasant- migrant defines many things including how cinematography is perceived by mass audience. The author's contribution to the topic of cinematography reception is the cinematography perception in terms of the myth of the city that existed in the nonindustrial culture. The  novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author of the article describes specific archetypes including religious archetypes that exist in the mind of the audience (recipients) and became evident in the process of cinematography perception in the 1900 - 1910s. 

Keywords: myth, folklore, reception, archetype, holiday, utopia, liminality, rite, city, cinematography

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.16852

Abstract: The article is devoted to aesthetic evaluation of Andrey Zvyagintsev's film 'Leviathan'. Using rather provocative methods, the researcher proves the genre of the flim to be a classical ancient tragedy where a protagonist, Kolya, becomes a victim of fatal events represented by a Biblical monster Leviathan. Tokmachev finds a number of features bringing together the film's heroes with the heroes of ancient tragedies (plasticity and integrity of their images, no reflection towards their own actions, irrational behavior and amechania, i.e. inactivity in extreme situations). The film's plot resembles a tragedy, too, in particular, it has a great number of narrative mismatches and accidents (recognition and peripeties) as well as a fatal chain of irreversible events and misfortunes that fell on the shoulders of the innocent hero. The researcher believes that Andrey Zvyagintsev's film has got double layers. Classical ancient tragedy is 'disguised' as a burning drama, the conflict between a 'corrupted' mayor and an 'honest' businessman unfolding among sublime beauty of the Polar Region and plain charms of provincial towns. The author of the article notes that that external conflict literally split the audience into those who supported the film and those who opposed the film. The author proves that the aforesaid conflict was not the essence of the matter but just decoration and circumstances in which the existential tragedy unfolds. Andrey Zvyagintsev excludes the episode of 'Kolya's rebellion against the mayor' from the final version of the film. At the main moments the hero stays inactive being in the state of amechania. This means that his opponent is not personified. However, neither mayor nor church is guilty in Kolya's misfortunes. Nobody is guilty here. The author reminds that the logic of ancient tragedy is different from the logic of the Judeo-Christian myth because there are no cause-and-effect relationships expressed by the 'crime and punishment' formula. Going beyond the borders of the Judeo-Christian myth or even cause-and-effect relationships, Andrey Zvyagintsev 'stops the samsara wheel' and 'screws out' the hero from numerous 'dispositifs of power' in order to see it as a purpose but not means (Immanuel Kant's expression). This allows the audience to empathize the hero or even experience a catharsis but not shallow selfish feelings relating to the support of or opposition against political preferences. This relates Andrey Zvyagintsev to the best fiction of Russian philosophy and literature.  

Keywords: ancient tragedy, dispositif of power, eyeless destiny, cause-and-effect relationship, movie, Kola Peninsula, Andrey Zvyagintsev (film director), aesthetics, Judeo-Christian myth, Leviathan

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68264

Abstract: The article is devoted to the creative work of one of the most influential and contradictory figures in the history of music, American experimental composer of the XXth century, musical theorist, writer, artist, pioneer of aleatoric (accidental) electro-acoustic music and unusual use of musical instroments and the founder of electronic music that is based on accident and uncertainty as the essential and shape-generating element, John Milton Cage (5 September 1912- 12 August 1992). One of the first instrumental actions using aleatory music and noises of nature was his composition 'Water Music' that was created in 1952 for two 'prepared' pianos with the radio, water containers, card pile, stick, and a stop watch and used the sound of water as the main element of composition. It was one of the compositions that made John Cage popular around the world. Through denying deeply established composition principles, Cage rethought and essentially predetermined the experimental practice of music, thus changing the course of modern music and forming a new concept of the after-war art of the XXth century. The author of the present article views the composer's experimental creativity as one of the most radical attempts in the history of music aimed at extending the borders of music and applying new materials for composing and playing music. In the course of the research the author has used the philosophical aesthetic research method. The research methodology is based on the interdisplinary definition of such concepts as the uncertainy principle, choas theory, stochastic (probable) procedures, 'accidental operations', etc. The given article is one of the first one to provide an in-depth research of one of the most unique experimental compositions of Cage 'Water Music' and cover the theoretical gap in Russian academic literature on musical art concerning the composer's versatile creativity and personality. The author of the research makes a thesis that Cage created his own creative method that is based on the principle of managed accident, unity of life, nature and art, invention of new materials and instruments for creating and performing music. Along with other numerous theoretical and instrumental innovations that led the composer to the radical extension of the sound space and, in fact, changed the subject of the music in general. 

Keywords: American musical experimentalism, uncertainty principle, stochastic procedures, aleatory music, free musical form, noise music, philosophy of music

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.17514

Abstract: In his article Khrenov attempts to define mythological subtexts that define how particular movies and films created in different periods are perceived by the audience. According to the author, these subtexts have a strong influence on mass consciousness of public, however, public is usually unaware of them. Among other things the content of mass reception includes out-of-cinematographic manifestations of collective unconscious. Mental projections of archetypic images which came into existence in different periods of cultural history and connected with utopian visions, myths, and religious symbols are coming to the fore. Noteworthy that projections on the city are precede the projections of collective unconscious on the cinema; they are transferred into the cinema later on. Finally, the cinema in principal makes a colossal intertext in which cultural history is reflected both in its axial and pre-axial aspects. The scope of analysis comes down to the projections which become realistic already at early stages of cinematography history. To define mythological, folklore and archetypical subtexts of cinematography reception, the author of the article has used methodology of such academic disciplines as receptive esthetics, cultural semiotics, sociology of art, crowd psychology, psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. The main conclusions of the research are the following: a) the structure of the audience of early cinematograph was made up mostly of urban social groups which had folklore stereotypes in their consciousness; b) the city was perceived in accordance with the folklore stereotype of the festive revelry; c) the folklore aura around the city projected by the yesterday's peasant- migrant defines many things including how cinematography is perceived by mass audience. The author's contribution to the topic of cinematography reception is the cinematography perception in terms of the myth of the city that existed in the nonindustrial culture. The  novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author of the article describes specific archetypes including religious archetypes that exist in the mind of the audience (recipients) and became evident in the process of cinematography perception in the 1900 - 1910s. 

Keywords: myth, folklore, reception, archetype, holiday, utopia, liminality, rite, city, cinematography

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68265

Abstract: The research is focused on the analysis of the two understudied portraits of a religious figure, Hegumen of Novgorod Antoniev's Monastery of the 20s of the XXth century Vissarion painted by the Stalin Prize Winner Pyotr Konchalovsky. The purpose of the research is not only to provide an in-depth analysis of the portraits but also to extend the concept of Konchalovsky's creativity rather as a master of integral portait images created in the process of combination of the author's individual style and Russian national Christian tradition than an artist of color and shape. The researcher points out some specific interpretations of the aforesaid portraits by Soviet cultural experts. Starting from description of the historical background when those portraits were made, the author of the article also analyzes style, color, technology and composition and performs a comparative analysis of the two portaits. The author's contribution to the topic is the determination of the main role of the motive of the action in constructing an image of a clergy. The researcher compares the portraits to M. Nesterov's triptych 'Works of Sergius the Reverend'. As a result, Shokolo outlines the difference in searches for the spiritual ideal by modern artists. The researcher concludes that the artist deliberately created the integral image depicted in two mutually reinforcing genre paintings, thus achieving his goals through portrait. Konchalovsky depicts the clergy as a real man preaching eternal Christian values despite the tragic church crisis of the 20s. in conclusion the author describes a unique phenomenon of the artist's presenting his religious portraits at Soviet and international exhibitions. 

Keywords: colour, spiritual ideal, Sergiy Radonezhsky, artistic image, Yurievsky temple, Vissarion- shoemaker, Russian painting, Pyotr Konchalovsky, portrait of the Russian clergy, the motive of the action

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.18404

Abstract: The article is devoted to the creative work of one of the most influential and contradictory figures in the history of music, American experimental composer of the XXth century, musical theorist, writer, artist, pioneer of aleatoric (accidental) electro-acoustic music and unusual use of musical instroments and the founder of electronic music that is based on accident and uncertainty as the essential and shape-generating element, John Milton Cage (5 September 1912- 12 August 1992). One of the first instrumental actions using aleatory music and noises of nature was his composition 'Water Music' that was created in 1952 for two 'prepared' pianos with the radio, water containers, card pile, stick, and a stop watch and used the sound of water as the main element of composition. It was one of the compositions that made John Cage popular around the world. Through denying deeply established composition principles, Cage rethought and essentially predetermined the experimental practice of music, thus changing the course of modern music and forming a new concept of the after-war art of the XXth century. The author of the present article views the composer's experimental creativity as one of the most radical attempts in the history of music aimed at extending the borders of music and applying new materials for composing and playing music. In the course of the research the author has used the philosophical aesthetic research method. The research methodology is based on the interdisplinary definition of such concepts as the uncertainy principle, choas theory, stochastic (probable) procedures, 'accidental operations', etc. The given article is one of the first one to provide an in-depth research of one of the most unique experimental compositions of Cage 'Water Music' and cover the theoretical gap in Russian academic literature on musical art concerning the composer's versatile creativity and personality. The author of the research makes a thesis that Cage created his own creative method that is based on the principle of managed accident, unity of life, nature and art, invention of new materials and instruments for creating and performing music. Along with other numerous theoretical and instrumental innovations that led the composer to the radical extension of the sound space and, in fact, changed the subject of the music in general. 

Keywords: American musical experimentalism, uncertainty principle, stochastic procedures, 'accidental operations' , aleatory music, free musical form, 'extended musical instruments' , noise music, philosophy of music, Cage's creative work

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68266

Abstract: This article focuses on the study of the similarity of the circumstances of the art world in the Soviet Union and South Korea 1960-70s., when started to be formed the new movement in the history of contemporary art in the two countries. Because of different administrative and canonical obstacles to creative activity of young artists, who are not consistent with outdated principles of art, the artists of the new generation had to find a breakthrough from the stagnant state of the art scene in their countries. In the course of struggle to solve the problems, similar approaches are observed. In order to clarify and show the similarities, which were observed in the history of the two distant countries, the author uses the method of comparative analysis of historical materials. A special contribution of the author's research theme is that despite the great distance between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, the author was able to find a common feature in the history of contemporary art of the two countries. In both countries, the same was observed commensalism amongst leading artists and the political authorities. Consequently, the artists of two countries whose work has been distant from the requirements of the official art world, had to develop a similar strategy for the resistance to the circumstances and for the survival of his courier as an artist. The use of open space was their general strategy.

Keywords: performance, actionism, comparative analysis, On-Wall Exhibition, Bulldozer Exhibition, contemporary art of Russia, contemporary art of Korea, Soviet recusant art, underground art of the USSR, art of the XXth century

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.20397

Abstract: The research is focused on the analysis of the two understudied portraits of a religious figure, Hegumen of Novgorod Antoniev's Monastery of the 20s of the XXth century Vissarion painted by the Stalin Prize Winner Pyotr Konchalovsky. The purpose of the research is not only to provide an in-depth analysis of the portraits but also to extend the concept of Konchalovsky's creativity rather as a master of integral portait images created in the process of combination of the author's individual style and Russian national Christian tradition than an artist of color and shape. The researcher points out some specific interpretations of the aforesaid portraits by Soviet cultural experts. Starting from description of the historical background when those portraits were made, the author of the article also analyzes style, color, technology and composition and performs a comparative analysis of the two portaits. The author's contribution to the topic is the determination of the main role of the motive of the action in constructing an image of a clergy. The researcher compares the portraits to M. Nesterov's triptych 'Works of Sergius the Reverend'. As a result, Shokolo outlines the difference in searches for the spiritual ideal by modern artists. The researcher concludes that the artist deliberately created the integral image depicted in two mutually reinforcing genre paintings, thus achieving his goals through portrait. Konchalovsky depicts the clergy as a real man preaching eternal Christian values despite the tragic church crisis of the 20s. in conclusion the author describes a unique phenomenon of the artist's presenting his religious portraits at Soviet and international exhibitions. 

Keywords: colour, spiritual ideal, Sergiy Radonezhsky, artistic image, Yurievsky temple, Vissarion- shoemaker, Russian painting, Pyotr Konchalovsky, portrait of the Russian clergy, the motive of the action

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68267

Abstract: In the early Christian and medieval art of Europe the Old Testament's story of the Fall was one of the most famous. Its iconography developed already in the III-IVth centuries. The composition was fixed and excluded any inessential elements. Every small detail was important and allowed an adequate interpretation and visualization of the biblical text. That being said, the absence of a common view when identifying and depicting such important parts of the plot as the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and its «forbidden fruit» seems odd. The author of the article analyzes basic depiction methods of the «forbidden fruit» that were widely used in European painting of the III-XIIIth centuries. The classification proposed by the author includes three types of images that can be characterized in the following way: 1) absence of a visual fixation on fruit (the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil is either portrayed without any fruit or the fruit is indistinguishable and unidentifiable); 2) attempt to depict something abstract, a fruit that does not exist or is unknown to mankind (that is to say – an attempt to find a visual equivalent of the biblical definition of fruit); 3) identification of the "forbidden fruit" with the fruit that exists in reality. The author supports her iconographic analysis of a wide range of paintings by appealing to apocryphal texts, theological treatises, spoken and written legends. Despite the fact that iconography of the Fall had been already developed in the early Christian period, the common method of depicting the 'forbidden fruit' was not developed throughout the first centuries of European art. Following the text of Genesis, Bible interpretations and commentaries and oral traditions, the art of that time offered the answers not only to the questions about the image or the name of the «forbidden fruit» but also about its meaning and symbolism. They can be interpreted as a reflection of the socio-cultural context of the era, belief systems and values of a particular region of Western Europe in a particular historical period.

Keywords: visualization, depiction methods, the Fall, forbidden fruit, tree of knowledge, identification, European painting, biblical plot, genesis, medieval art

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.16933

Abstract: This article focuses on the study of the similarity of the circumstances of the art world in the Soviet Union and South Korea 1960-70s., when started to be formed the new movement in the history of contemporary art in the two countries. Because of different administrative and canonical obstacles to creative activity of young artists, who are not consistent with outdated principles of art, the artists of the new generation had to find a breakthrough from the stagnant state of the art scene in their countries. In the course of struggle to solve the problems, similar approaches are observed. In order to clarify and show the similarities, which were observed in the history of the two distant countries, the author uses the method of comparative analysis of historical materials. A special contribution of the author's research theme is that despite the great distance between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, the author was able to find a common feature in the history of contemporary art of the two countries. In both countries, the same was observed commensalism amongst leading artists and the political authorities. Consequently, the artists of two countries whose work has been distant from the requirements of the official art world, had to develop a similar strategy for the resistance to the circumstances and for the survival of his courier as an artist. The use of open space was their general strategy.

Keywords: performance, actionism, comparative analysis, On-Wall Exhibition, Bulldozer Exhibition , contemporary art of Russia, contemporary art of Korea, Soviet recusant art, underground art of the USSR, art of the XXth century

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68268

Abstract: The article is devoted to the evolution of fractal images in photography as an aesthetic means and creative paradigm in the art of the 20th century. The subject of the research is the means of representing the recursion infinity in analogous and digital art photography. In her research Nikolaeva defines parallels between fractal recursion in photography and traditional and post-modernist paintings (medieval iconography mise en abime, Salvador Dali's and J. Pollock's paintings, M. S. Escher's graphic art and advertising graphic design). Special attention is paid to the creative and cognitive meaning of fractal forms in different genres of photography. The aesthetics of recursion infinity is viewed from the point of view of the interdisciplinary approach that integrates the ideas of philosophy, art theory, art history, choas theory, fractality concept and computer technologies. Based on the analysis of a wide range of photographs made by both Russian and foreign professional photographers and semi-professional members of informatl art socieities, the researcher defines the following types of representation of fractal recursion in art photography: fixed fractal forms of the real world; fractals constructed by special photographic techniques; fractalisation of images bu using the digital post-processing; and algorithmic construction of fractal compositions. It is concluded that the first photographic experience of fractal recursions were deliberately performed by the anachronic method and the source of fractal images was the natural enviromment as it is. Later images of infinite recursion in photography became the result of the application of specific digital techniques and the 'fractal zone' of the search was shifted into the sphere of human nature and culture. 

Keywords: recursion, fractal, Droste effect, fractal abstraction, fractal suprematism, aesthetics of infinity, art photography, fractal art, image post-processing, digital art

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.20465

Abstract: In the early Christian and medieval art of Europe the Old Testament's story of the Fall was one of the most famous. Its iconography developed already in the III-IVth centuries. The composition was fixed and excluded any inessential elements. Every small detail was important and allowed an adequate interpretation and visualization of the biblical text. That being said, the absence of a common view when identifying and depicting such important parts of the plot as the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and its «forbidden fruit» seems odd. The author of the article analyzes basic depiction methods of the «forbidden fruit» that were widely used in European painting of the III-XIIIth centuries. The classification proposed by the author includes three types of images that can be characterized in the following way: 1) absence of a visual fixation on fruit (the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil is either portrayed without any fruit or the fruit is indistinguishable and unidentifiable); 2) attempt to depict something abstract, a fruit that does not exist or is unknown to mankind (that is to say – an attempt to find a visual equivalent of the biblical definition of fruit); 3) identification of the "forbidden fruit" with the fruit that exists in reality. The author supports her iconographic analysis of a wide range of paintings by appealing to apocryphal texts, theological treatises, spoken and written legends. Despite the fact that iconography of the Fall had been already developed in the early Christian period, the common method of depicting the 'forbidden fruit' was not developed throughout the first centuries of European art. Following the text of Genesis, Bible interpretations and commentaries and oral traditions, the art of that time offered the answers not only to the questions about the image or the name of the «forbidden fruit» but also about its meaning and symbolism. They can be interpreted as a reflection of the socio-cultural context of the era, belief systems and values of a particular region of Western Europe in a particular historical period.

Keywords: visualization, depiction methods, the Fall, forbidden fruit, tree of knowledge, identification, European painting, biblical plot, genesis, medieval art

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68269

Abstract: The article is devoted to the method of literary montage that was theoretically justified and practically used by Walter Benjamin in his 'Arcades'. Being related to the concept of the dialectical image, the method implied combining quotations from all kinds of sources including magazines, journals and poetic works. Literary montage played an important role in Benjamin's philosophy and was a practical implementation of the greater part of his theoretical concepts developed in int he spheres of aesthetics, historiography and philosophy of history such as 'kitsch', 'shock', 'dream', etc. In this article Travnikov analyzes theoretical insights of Walter Benjamin from the point of view of their practical implementation in his 'Arcades'. The researcher has also studied the relationship between the montage method and the concept of 'present time' as well as the temporal structure of a montage image in relation to Walter Benjamin's concept [Penski]. It is also offered to treat 'Arcades' as the 'alarm clock' for the 'sleeping society' [Menninghaus]. Appealing to the images that have been nourishing the memory of the two or three generations before him, Walter Benjamin intended to make the readers feel something like an insight when the time is perceived in a completely different way and the reality shows its true face - catastrophe. 

Keywords: inactive dialectics, empathy, kitsch, shock, hypertext, dialectical image, collage, literary montage, Arcades, Walter Benjamin

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.20391

Abstract: The article is devoted to the evolution of fractal images in photography as an aesthetic means and creative paradigm in the art of the 20th century. The subject of the research is the means of representing the recursion infinity in analogous and digital art photography. In her research Nikolaeva defines parallels between fractal recursion in photography and traditional and post-modernist paintings (medieval iconography mise en abime, Salvador Dali's and J. Pollock's paintings, M. S. Escher's graphic art and advertising graphic design). Special attention is paid to the creative and cognitive meaning of fractal forms in different genres of photography. The aesthetics of recursion infinity is viewed from the point of view of the interdisciplinary approach that integrates the ideas of philosophy, art theory, art history, choas theory, fractality concept and computer technologies. Based on the analysis of a wide range of photographs made by both Russian and foreign professional photographers and semi-professional members of informatl art socieities, the researcher defines the following types of representation of fractal recursion in art photography: fixed fractal forms of the real world; fractals constructed by special photographic techniques; fractalisation of images bu using the digital post-processing; and algorithmic construction of fractal compositions. It is concluded that the first photographic experience of fractal recursions were deliberately performed by the anachronic method and the source of fractal images was the natural enviromment as it is. Later images of infinite recursion in photography became the result of the application of specific digital techniques and the 'fractal zone' of the search was shifted into the sphere of human nature and culture. 

Keywords: recursion, fractal, Droste effect, fractal abstraction, fractal suprematism, aesthetics of infinity, art photography, fractal art, image post-processing, digital art

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68270

Abstract:

Keywords: khudozhestvennaya fotografiya, estetika beskonechnosti, effekt Droste, fraktal, rekursiya, post-obrabotka izobrazheniya, tsifrovoe iskusstvo

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.16795

Abstract: The article is devoted to the method of literary montage that was theoretically justified and practically used by Walter Benjamin in his 'Arcades'. Being related to the concept of the dialectical image, the method implied combining quotations from all kinds of sources including magazines, journals and poetic works. Literary montage played an important role in Benjamin's philosophy and was a practical implementation of the greater part of his theoretical concepts developed in int he spheres of aesthetics, historiography and philosophy of history such as 'kitsch', 'shock', 'dream', etc. In this article Travnikov analyzes theoretical insights of Walter Benjamin from the point of view of their practical implementation in his 'Arcades'. The researcher has also studied the relationship between the montage method and the concept of 'present time' as well as the temporal structure of a montage image in relation to Walter Benjamin's concept [Penski]. It is also offered to treat 'Arcades' as the 'alarm clock' for the 'sleeping society' [Menninghaus]. Appealing to the images that have been nourishing the memory of the two or three generations before him, Walter Benjamin intended to make the readers feel something like an insight when the time is perceived in a completely different way and the reality shows its true face - catastrophe. 

Keywords: inactive dialectics, empathy, kitsch, shock, hypertext, dialectical image, collage, literary montage, Arcades, Walter Benjamin

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68271

Abstract:

Keywords: Passazhi, literaturnyi montazh, kollazh, dialekticheskii obraz, gipertekst, shok, kich, vchuvstvyvanie, bezdeistvuyushchaya dialektike

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0625.2016.5.68112

Abstract: The subject of the research is the activity of a leading composer, theorist, polemist, teacher and conductor of New Music Pierre Boulez whose activity led to the foundation of Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM, the Centre Pompidou in Paris). Petruseva analyzes the environment and stages of Boulez' creative activity, three types of musical establishments (training, performing and research establishments), IRCAM structure; Boulez' article 'Technology and the Composer' that became the manifesto of IRCAM; Boulez' interpretation of the total serialism, denial of preceding (nearest) tradition and transition to the period of 'synthesis'. The researcher uses an integrated research method that combines comparative studies, structural musical methods and elements of social methods. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author tries to outline the borders of anthroposociological research based on the example of Pierre Boulez' sociocultural activity. As a conclusion, the author describes the single line of Boulez' activity that starts with immediate problems of aesthetics, musical material, language and New Music concept and comes to musical establishments through the problems of perception and music performance. 

Keywords: post-serialistic modernism, types of musical establishments, teaching, performing New Music, research-related, structure and manifesto, New Music, IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et de Coordination Ac