Psychology and Psychotechnics - rubric Continent of the unconscious

Abstract: One of unorthodox psychological approaches to phenomenology of conscious is actually given by the science which was the first to try and theoretically explain paranormal phenomena (despite any criticism and skepticism coming from the academic society). Parapsychology (derived from the Greek root “para” meaning “near” or “beside”) is the sphere studying psychic phenomena which cannot be explained by the common physics. The most famous phenomena include telepathy (mental communication between two people when no obvious means of communication are used), clairvoyance (power of getting information on events when no typical ways of receiving knowledge are used), foresight (ability to predict future events) and psychokinesis (faculty of manipulating physical objects by the force of the thought).

Abstract: Everyone in his life sometimes encounters events which may seem absolutely incredible from the common point of view. Examples include strange coincidences between our thoughts, dreams and actual events; facts of clairvoyance and telepathy; cycle of events which are not connected by any cause but obsessively demonstrate us some idea or symbol. Sometimes such events “pile up” and we unwittingly start to think there must be some meaning to all these “disconnected” episodes. We do not understand and cannot explain all these coincidences seeming to cancel the laws of nature and the theories of probability for a while. The only thing we do know is that these events make an unforgettable impression on us, remaining in our memory forever and demanding at least some explanation.

Abstract: the article is devoted to Sandor Ferentzi’s psychoanalytical conception. The author described the main stages of Ferentzi’s biography and scientific work, analyzed his views on the psychoanalytical theory and pointed out the main targets of psychotherapy.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, psychoanalysis, sexuality, bioanalysis, introjection, neurosis, genitality, education science, complex

Abstract: Abstract: Advertising has its own genres and forms of rendering information. Growing demand for goods is conditioned by the rapid development of technology on one hand, and influences technology, on the other hand. It results not only in fast change of trademarks and goods but also in shortened life span of products. The goods which used to have a 25-year old life span are good for no more than 5 years now. Pharmaceutics and electronics have shortened this period to even 6 months. Fashionable “innovations” are showering the high tech society.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, advertising, human, kinetic image, clip-culture, society, information, image, mobility

Abstract: The article considers the practical side of archetypes of the collective unconscious. The author described the components of psyche according to Jung and analyzed the archetypes of Self, Shadow, Persona and Ego. The author also covered how Jung’s conceptions could be used in social work and teaching.

Keywords: psychology, analytical psychology, psychoanalysis, psyche, Self, Shadow, Persona, Ego, myth, mythology

Abstract: Review: the article is focused on the phenomenon of human nature. The Enlightenment conception is compared to new philosophical and anthropological concepts. Special attention is paid to irrational nature of a human being. Key words: philosophy, human, personality, rationality, irrationality, mind, unconsciousness, memory, individual

Abstract: The article is devoted to analyzing the phenomenon of narcissism in works by a well-known representative of humanistic psychology, Erich Fromm. That American scientist described Freud’s contribution to the study of the phenomenon. Special attention is given to group, or social, narcissism. Key words: psychology, humanistic psychology, personal narcissism, social narcissism, personality, politics, leader, religion, humankind

Abstract: Review: the author of the article viewed menstruation as a regression to a pre genital level of development. It is underlined that such a systematic regression makes a woman to spend much psychic energy on restoring the balance after each menstruation

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, regression, menstruation

Abstract: This is the translation of an article by a Canadian psychoanalyst Roger A. Dufresne. In his article Dufresne described the clinical case of healing the ‘narcissistic anguish’ based on his own clinical case of the patient who had undergone a serious emotional trauma as a child. Dufresne analyzed the theories of narcissism and defined such terms as ‘narcissistic field’, ‘interference’, ‘narcissistic personality’.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psychoanalysis, interference, narcissism, anxiety, trauma

Abstract: The main idea of the article is the ‘meeting’ of clinical and applied psychoanalysis. It is noted the Freud tried to create not only a clinical method, but also humanitarian ideology. The author also interpreted the understanding of truth in Jacques Derrrida’s conception.

Keywords: psychology, text, truth, being, clinical and applied psychoanalysis, metaphor, simulacrum, discourse, subject, phallus

Abstract: The article shows that being a sexual function and the main difference between sexes, menstruation is a biological form of periodicity regulating woman’s relations with her surroundings. In other words, female menstruation is the ‘physiological frames’ and symbolic rules established by social and cosmic rhythms

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, unconscious, female, menstruation, complex, taboo, puberty, libido, fear of castration

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.5.6270

Abstract: The article presents a new look on delusions and hallucinations. Based on this approach it includes ‘strange object’ (a term introduced by Wilfred Bion) and ‘strange facts’ (a term introduced by the author of the article). When a patient suffers from the delusion of grandeur, he turns into a strange object or hallucination himself. For him, both hallucinations and the surrounding world disappear.

Keywords: psychology, schizophrenia, delusion, hallucination, persecution, influence, grandeur, subject, object, fact, hallucination.

Abstract: The author analyzes Lacan’s works in which Lacan paid much attention at the problems of language, word, sign, letter and speech. He underlined that his method of solving language problems was different from the methods used by psychologists, psychoanalysts, sociologists and anthropologists. Lacan’s dream was to create the ‘science of the object and subject’

Keywords: psychology, Lacan, subject, object, conscience, unconscious, psychoanalysis, sign, discourse

Abstract: Achievement of mature female sexuality, unlike male sexuality, assumes successful completion of the two contradictory tasks –separation from mother and final identification with her as the image of fertility. Different variants of female development within the conditional norms show what difficulties a girl has to deal with in order to achieve the aforesaid integration. In personal pathology that is related to the phenomenon of infantile sexuality such ontological purpose becomes literally impossible without psychoanalytical assistance. Difficulties and peculiarities of the process of achieving femininity as well as future perspectives depend on parameters of the mother’s behavior. On one hand, pathological patterns of the mother-and-daughter relationship cause various personality disorders and on the other hand they also define the specific structure of female sexuality. The author of the present article views stages of female sexuality from the point of view of development of the erotic desire and the mother’s contribution to formation of the structure. When a woman uses her mature and capable of reproduction body, she may also realize her infantile needs under the guise of pseudo adult sexual behavior. The author of the article describes the two pathological phenomena of female sexuality — promiscuity and anorgasmia — and their relation to narcissistic, hysterical and masochism personality disorders as a part of distorted love relations.

Keywords: psychology, sexuality, femininity, relations, erotic desire, promiscuity, anorgasmia, narcissism, hysteria, masochism.

Abstract: The article provides an analytical review of alternative trends of modern neurophysiology (Sherrington Ch., Penfield W., Eccles J.) and philosophy (Popper K.) proving the hypothesis of nonidentity of consciousness and mind. The article also describes C. Pribram’s original theory justifying the holonomic principle of brain activity based on the studies of memory.

Keywords: psychology, interactionism, neurophysiology, consciousness, brain, acceptor, engram, experiment, holography, holonomy.

Abstract: The modern world is full of cruelty and violence. And there seems to be no limited to it. Aggression seems to be growing every day and every year. Is the humankind going ‘insane”? Or is it a natural process? Is the human nature cruel or is it some kind of a disease of our civilization? Philosophers have been trying to answer these questions throughout many centuries. But can a human be objective about these problems? According to the author, he can’t, because these problems are born within us, thus any our approach to this matter is only subjective.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, sadism, mythology, aggression, psychoanalysis, cruelty, character, personality, human nature

Abstract: Analyzing the state of psychosis, the author appeals to Jacques Lacan’s works. It is assumed that the state of psychosis demonstrates the ‘absence of the author’. A psychotonic has neither image of a speaker nor a symbolic border.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, pleasure, symbolic, language, speech, subject, psychosis, psychotonic, phallus, subject, meaning, meant

Abstract: Feminity disorder in various forms is one of the most powerful motives for a woman to start psychoanalysis. Such a disorder is causeв by problems during pre-Oedipus and Oedipus stages of development and development of a women’s object relations in general. Development of feminine sexuality differs from the development of masculine sexuality starting from the phalliс stage. This article gives a summary of ideas of classics in psychoanalysis (such as Karen Horney, Francoise Dolto, Karl Deutsch, Benedek, Lorand) concerning disorders of feminine sexuality and feminity, in particular – the complex of masculinity and frigidity as an unconscious choice and denial from a Wish to be a woman.

Keywords: psychology, feminity, sexuality, fear, frigidity, regress, masculinity, defense, affective disposition, castration.

Abstract: In history of philosophy reflexive interpretation of human caused even deeper understanding of a symbol or even reframing. In its turn, understanding of specific features of a myth gave birth to new meanings in understanding the human nature. It is quite possible that human encountered a symbol in a myth for the first time.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, myth, philosophical anthropology, collective unconsciousness, androgyne, magic, fantasy, symbol, imagination.

Abstract: The article analyzes peculiarities of the approaches to the phenomenon of narcissism in modern psychoanalysis. The author introduces the differentiation of different levels of narcissism manifestations within ‘the norm’ and ‘pathology’ in Kohut’s and Kernberg’s conceptions. The author also describes the analysis criteria and diagnostics indications of demonstration of negative narcissism during a marital conflict. The article contains interpretation of the results of the empiric study of how negative narcissism of a married couple influences the parameters of conflict between them.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, narcissism, normal narcissism, negative narcissism, married couple, marital conflict, parameters of a marital conflict, personal traits, theories of narcissism.

Abstract: The article of a French scientist G. Carron studies Merleau-Ponty’s peculiar approach to the problem of unconsciousness first developed by Z. Freud. Carron traced back the evolution of Merleau-Ponty’s teaching about the unconsciousness from his first works (“La structure du comportement”, 1942; “La phenomenologie de la perception”, 1945 and others) up to his incomplete work “le visible et l’invisible” (1964). He also explains the definitions of the imaginary, symbolism and reversibility which allows to see the metaphor of dynamism and structure of the process of knowledge in the unconsciousness.

Keywords: psychology, M. Merleau-Ponty, Z. Freud, flesh, real, subject, the other, experience, perception, imaginary, symbolism, reversibility.

Abstract: This article considers the criticism of the psychoanalytical training and suggests that psychoanalytical orthodoxy is a must in the history of psychoanalysis. The author makes an assumption that it is necessary to know and understand the history of psychoanalysis in order to remain tolerant towards various schools of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, psychoanalytical orthodoxy, human, consciousness, un consciousness, Oedipus complex, bisexuality, training, neurosis.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.1.25497

Abstract: The aim of the research is to carry out a psychoanalytical analysis of the phenomenon of supressed femininity of the main heroine of Friedrich Schiller's poem 'The Main of Orleans'. The object of the research is the phenomenology, structure and development of femininity. The subject of the research is the peculiarities and specifics of supressed femininity of the main heroine in Friedrich Schiller's poem 'The Maid of Orleans'. The authors of the article carry out a psychoanalytical research of supressed femininity based on the analysis of Friedrich Schiller's poem 'The Maid of Orleans'. The research methodology includes: 1) classical theory of psychosexual development offered by Zigmund Freud; 2) psychoanalytical theories of female development (Melanie Klein, Deutsch, Dolto, Bonoparte, Chodorow, R. Tyson and F. Tyson) that present the psychoanalytical approach to explaining the structure and peculiarities of intrapsychic phenomena of women and the role of objective relations in this process; 3) psychoanalytical researches of female psychology (Horney, Abraham, Rado, etc.) that were used in the process of the analysis and interpretation of the phenomena; 4) psychoanalytical and analytical approaches to analyzing literary works by A. Tkhostov, N. Einish, etc. to define characteristics and peculiarities through applied psychoanalytical analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author provide an integral analysis and systematization of psychoanalytical theories and concepts of female development and demonstrate opportunities for practical application of psychoanalytical theories to analysing literary works. The researchers also define criteria (phenomena) of supressed feminity such as the masculinity complex, difficulties with sex, distorted body image, negative Oedipus complex, and pathogenic object relations.

Keywords: object relations, women’s identity, suppressed femininity, masculinity complex, primary femininity, body image, psychosexual development, Oedipus complex, castration complex, femininity

Abstract: Before writing her book ‘History of Psychoanalysis’, the author had a discourse with Derrida with the purpose to define his place in the history of French psychoanalysis. She studied Derrida’s interpretation of Freud’s works which is quite different from Lacan’s understanding of the Freud’s theory. The author believes the modern history of French Freudism to be the history of evaluation of Lacan’s and Derrida’s interpretations of Freud’s works. In her article the author showed an important role of Derrida in French psychoanalysis

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, subject, object, mind, conscience, unconscious, Freudism, Lacanianism, discourse, confrontation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.18419

Abstract: Relatively little has been written on the role of trauma in conceptions of the unconscious. This paper explores Freud's conceptions of the unconscious, comparing his ideas with the original French notion of "double conscience" and exploring their implications for technique. Whereas Freud's concept of the unconscious mainly depends upon the theory of internal drives, Ferenczi attributed the central role to trauma, shifting the focus to the individual in the context of personal relationships. The comparison is illustrated with the case study. The main method used by the author of the article is the thorough study of the notions of the unconscious, trauma and double conscience in the works of philosophers, writers and psychologists. The author contrasts the views of Freud with the views of Ferenczi on the conception of the unconscious. As a result of his investigation the author of the article comes to the conclusion, that the very power of Freud’s evocations of unconscious forces and conflicts minimized relationships, cultural values, history, transgenerational trauma, and whatever can be viewed as “external reality”. Ferenczi, on the contrary, attempted to save psychoanalysis from being a delusional system, because he emphasized the external reality of trauma that splits identity and creates suffering.

Keywords: trauma, attraction, reality, double consciousness, double conscience, unconscious, psychoanalysis, affection, Freud, Ferenczi

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.67642

Keywords: trauma, attraction, reality, double consciousness, double conscience, unconscious, psychoanalysis, affection, Freud, Ferenczi

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, unconscious, female, menstruation, complex, taboo, puberty, libido, fear of castration

Abstract: The article is devoted to envy as a factor of dysfunctions of woman’s reproduction system including sterility. The relation between psychological sterility and envy is based on Sigmund Freud’s, Langer’s and Melani Klein’s ideas. Disturbed identification with the mother’s figure is viewed as the main factor of woman’s sterility. Based on Langer, inability to carry and to get birth to a child results from woman’s destructive fantasies about her mother or adverse and tragic events happened to her mother and herself. Being an adult, such a woman constantly vacillate between paranoic and depressive attitudes to pregnancy. Such an understanding of early disorders as a part of the concept of envy allows to draw out the role and psychosomatic mechanisms of many dysfunctions of woman’s reproductive system.

Keywords: psychology, envy, identification, sterility, desire, child, feminity, maternity, destruction, hatred.

Abstract: Sexual orientation is an important elementof both male and female gender identity. Peculiarities of female development related to the necessity to change the love object defines most of the conflicts on the way to a stable choice of a sexual partner. Psychoanalytical thesis about a mother as a primary source of identification and love creates certain homosexual components in female identity. If these elements are not easily integrated into a sexual self-perception, a woman may have difficulties adapting in different social spheres. Contradictory social stereotypes allow homosexual relations between women, on one hand, but on the other hand they lay convention on traditional families with children and make it difficult for a woman to understand and to accept her homosexual part so a woman often show her homosexual impoulses mostly in extreme life situations. The given article is devoted to some psychoanalytical conceptions about female homosexual behavior and offers a classificaton of female homosexuality from the point of view of different destruction factors and mechanisms during pre-oedipal and oedipal stages of female psychosexual development, their role in homosexual relations and their connection with the level and specific features of personal psychopathology.

Keywords: psychology, development, gender, woman (female), identity, behavior, homosexuality, regardation, regress, distortion.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.2.62393

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of anal character in Reichian theory of characters. The author of the article underlines the role of fixation in formation of anal behavior. The topic is illustrated by Balzac’s novel ‘Eugénie Grandet’. Being published in 1883, this novel tells us about the fate of a young woman who lives in a society where everything is under the power of money. The author of the article provides a brief description of the niggard Grandet, the father of Eugenie. The author also touches upon Pushkin’s tragedy ‘The Covetous Knight.

Keywords: psychology, anal character, richness, niggard, anal features, fixation, anal erotic, punctuality, money grubbing, order.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.3.62511

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of psychotherapy with representatives of the anal psychological structure. The author describes certain clinical cases and reveals ways to shake the anal personality. When formulating the general provisions, the author makes references to famous followers of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: psychology, anal personality, psychoanalysis, psychosomatics, psychodrama, guilt, fear, unconsciousness, genitality, opposition.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.3.10612

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.3.64101

Abstract: The article is devoted to the definition of intentionality offered by John Searle as the corner stone of his philosophy. The main idea of Searle’s theory of intentionality is that intentionality should be defined in terms of natural science just like consciousness. According to the philosopher, scientific definition of intentionality would allow to solve a great number of important philosophical issues. Our mind has different forms of intentionality, perception and intentional action being the basic forms and linguistic acts deriving from these basic forms. Since the research analysis is oriented at solving a particular issue, i.e. the main purpose of research is to study intentionality as a feature of brain, in particular, to provide a definition of intentionality from the point of view of the representative of English analytical philosophy John Searle. For this purpose, the author of the article used the method of historical reenactment. This method is based on the analysis of philosophical concepts that are directly related to the topic. John Searle’s approach to intentionality involves the definition of consciousness as a natural biological phenomenon. However, unlike other phenomena of the kind, consciousness is the subjective phenomenon that, at the same time, can influence physiological processes. In his theory of intentionality John Searle admitted that he was both an internalist, realist and follower of Gottlob Frege. John Searle believed the subjective qualitative aspect to be the most fundamental in the concept of mentality and used the term ‘intentionality’ for describing the subclasses of mental states that are typically object-oriented.

Keywords: Searle, intentionality, feature of brain, intentional content, mental states, illocutionary force, orientation, correspondence, execution conditions, mental representation, possible world.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.14845

Abstract: The research object of the present article is the problem of the ontological status of sleep and dreaming. The research subject is the dreaming experience from the point of view of the antilanguage methodology based on the example of several classes of anti-words. In his article Nilogov focuses on such aspects as the sleepwalking speech, word formation during sleep, hypnotic word creation, speech of the unconscious, sleep language, dream interpretation, authentic and inauthentic existence. Special attention is paid to the ontological status of language and antilanguage units that represent not only the speech intentions but also unconcious channels of information acquisition. In his research Nilogov has used the following research methods: problem method, analogy, hermeneutic, language analysis (word formation), antilanguage analysis (determination of classes of anti-words), synthesis and analysis. The novelty of the article is caused by the fact that the problem of the ontological status of human existence raised by Rene Descartes has gained new impetus. The author has offered the following comprehensive solution: he offers the argument 'I fantasize therefore I am not' that disproves the cogital philosophy and the argument 'I sleep therefore I am' that deepens the cartesian philosophy from the point of view of the antilanguage methodology.

Keywords: interpretation of dreams, Descartes, ontological status, antilanguage, antiword, dream, unconscious, Beskova, Orwell, evil demon

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.66453

Keywords: interpretation of dreams, Descartes, ontological status, antilanguage, antiword, dream, unconscious, Beskova, Orwell, evil demon

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.5.62752

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes peculiarities of modern psychoanalytical approaches to studying sex-related conflicts between spouses. The author of the article lists all possible reasons of such conflicts between spouses in their intimate sphere and provides the results of analyzing personal determinants of such conflicts. The author of the article also defines the main peculiarities of such conflicts between spouses who are compatible and incompatible in their sexual life.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, object relations, spouses, personal determinants, conflict between spouses, reasons, compatibility, sex, relations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.14905

Abstract: This article gives insight into the fundamentals of the psychoanalytical approach to the image of God in monotheism. These fundamental concepts provide anthropological and humanistic intepretation of the image of God. According to S. Freud and C. G. Jung, in Judaism and Christianity the image of God, on the one hand, has the features of human personality and responsibility of a parent, and on the other hand, presents the ideal of human development that involves integration of all personality substances into one system. In other words, the idea and the image of God is either deduced from personal experience/experience of a group of people or viewed as a mean of personal development. Despite the fact that elimination of the sacral meaning of the image of God simplifies the phenomenon under research, the psychological feature and potential of the image of God are very important for the theory and practice of psychoanalytic assistance to a neurotic personality of our time. In their research the authors analyze fundamental works such as Freud's Totem and Taboo, The Future of an Illusion, Moses and Monotheism, Jung's Answer to Job, Psychology and Religion and others. The researchers describe the views of these psychologists on the psychological roots and the meaning of religion either as a mental construct that defends man from the traumatic influence of the reality or representation of collective unconscious that encourages individuation. Consequently, the condition that allows to overcome neurosis is viewed as the denial of religion in one case and appealing to the religious experience as the source of life, meaning and beauty, on the other hand.

Keywords: psychological practice, psychology of religion, history of psychology, psychoanalisys, monotheism, S. Freud, animism, C.G. Jung, polytheism, image of God

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.66636

Keywords: psychological practice, psychology of religion, history of psychology, psychoanalisys, monotheism, S. Freud, animism, C.G. Jung, polytheism, image of God

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.7.62963

Abstract: The author of this article bases his studies on the analysis of Jacques Lacan’s views presented in his Mirror stage and views of his follower Françoise Dolto. Having assimilated Dolto’s hypothesis that a child has the unconscious image of his body before his identification during the Mirror stage, the author tries to find relevant prerequisites and means in Lacan’s concept. Thus, the author provides a more profound insight into the stage of mental development before the Mirror one. In particular, the author describes mechanisms and peculiarities of formation of the primary narcissism preceding narcissism during the Mirror stage. The research is original because the author studies one’s body identification, Ego and Super Ego during the Mirror stage. It allows the author to describe the structure of associated mental process and extends the borders of determinism of formation of neurosis and other mental diseases (such as childhood schizophrenia that is the basis of the author’s research).

Keywords: psychology, unconscious, Mirror stage, narcissism, Lacan, Litterae, libido, Freud, child, development.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.20895

Abstract: This paper explores relations between human conundrums and psychoanalytic technique and theory through the relationship between Freud and Ferenczi. Rather than vilify (or lionize) either figure, Starovoytov seeks to see into their struggles and conflicts, and to draw from correspondence and writings a portrait of a relationship. The author describes not two dusty figures drawn from the closet of history but rather two live, flawed, and struggling human beings whose rational ideas about what they were doing could never keep step with their emotions. There is therefore much to be learned from their relationship: about transference and countertransference, about boundaries and friendship, about rivalry and despair, and about shame. The main method used by the author of the article is the thorough investigation of some excerpts from their correspondence and writings, and also the critical examination of several works of modern foreign authors, who study relations of Freud and Ferenczi. As a result of his investigation the author comes to the conclusion that Ferenczi’s concepts of active technique and of mutual analysis may themselves be seen at least in part a reaction to his shame and humiliation at the hands of Freud. The author hopes that today we can learn more from the Freud-Ferenczi relationship, and from the theories that grew out of it.

Keywords: relationship, Ferenczi, Freud, trauma, idealization, shame, psychoanalytic history, human foibles, psychoanalytic technique, humiliation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.68489

Keywords: relationship, Ferenczi, Freud, trauma, idealization, shame, psychoanalytic history, human foibles, psychoanalytic technique, humiliation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.9129

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.63113

Abstract: The present article of a famous American analyst John Rosegrant is devoted to the analytical review of leading theorists and practical psychoanalysts Bion, Jung and Freud. The author aims at finding similarities and differences in their works. In particular, he writes that Bion and Jung both prefer the romantic/collectivist’s approach to therapy and deny the classical/individual approach. On the other hand, Freud tried to use both. The author of the article himself keeps up to Bion and Jung’s approach. Bion and Jung believed that the romantic method used in therapy could provide more opportunities for a patient to get out of stagnation and trigger his self improvement. Freud just like Bacan insisted that it was essential to combine both approaches both in one’s life and psychotherapy. Part of the article is devoted to Jung’s archetypes who believed the archetype to be an independent, spontaneous source of energy that existed in the reality and resembled ‘the gods’. Freud and Jung both thought that the gods (archetypes) were created by projections of one’s spirits (psyche). While Freud believed the gods to be projection of one’s desire and fear, Jung believed them to be super-personal force that does not relate to one’s personal experience but is created by psyche.

Keywords: psychoanalysis, Bion, Jung, Freud, therapy, analyst, patient, archetypes, free associations, collective unconscious.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.8.12461

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.8.65387

Abstract: The subject under research of the present article is the axiological issues of human and society. The author of the article touches upon the critical aspects of modern (post-modernistic) axiological ethos and interprets value-based ‘syndromes’ that are related to the hyper-consumption economy, global informatization of the society and establishment of a rigidly competitive environment. The author raises a question about distinguishing between goods values and pseudo values. She also analyzes the issue of substitution of true values with their imitations and describes and interprets associated phenomena. The emphasis is made on the acute problem of depersonalization and evisceration of spirituality. The author also views the relation between axiological problems of the epoch and axiological problems of an individual. The research is carried out based on the philosophical anthropology and the main provisions of Max Scheler’s theory as one of the founders of philosophical anthropology. It is for the first time in Russian scientific literature that a researcher tries to use potentials of philosophical anthropology in analyzing axiological phenomena. Based on Scheler’s concept of human nature, the author analyzes a whole range of axiological issues of human and society and makes a conclusion about risks created by human nature itself and the importance of spiritual efforts and the need to act against these risks.

Keywords: axiology, philosophical anthropology, values, human nature, axiological ethos, goods, values, pseudo values, agathology, modern society, Post-Modernism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.22765

Abstract: The paper presents an overview of some psychoanalytic ideas about envy of male to female (reproductive capabilities of women), and men's fantasies about pregnancy. Freud noted a specific manifestation of envy (felt by women), so-called penis envy in the context of its fallocentrical theory. Analysis of the penis envy and the feminine castration complex is essential for psychoanalytic therapy of women. Unfortunately, there are not so many works devoted to the theme of envy of men towards females and their reproductive functions, as well as the role this feeling plays in the development of men’s character and of psychopathology. This is despite the fact that the disappointment of a boy in this respect is as deep as the penis envy of a girl. Envy to pregnancy and childbirth, fantasies about pregnancy is a significant contribution to the understanding of identification of a man with a female figure and formation of male gender identity. Psychoanalytic experience has shown that there is a pre-Oedipus period of envy. The boy wants to be the Almighty as a mother and to have the ability to have children. This is an expression of the hermaphrodite desire and bisexuality of man. The stage of anal eroticism allows the boy to fantasize about pregnancy without manifestating feminine tendencies. Identification with the mother contributes to the fact that the boy bypasses castration feelings and maintains a relationship with the mother (i.e. to prevent separation). Through fantasies about pregnancy the boy expresses a desire to become a child; fantasy appears in a situation when it is necessary to show manhood. Identification with the mother allows the boy (man) become a favorite for his father. Men’s fantasies about pregnancy support the identification with a female figure and possible source of them (fantasies) is the envy of the mother. Provoking external circumstances (wife's pregnancy or pregnancy of a female psychologist) lead to the loss of mental balance and men’s regression. Emerging new mental balance depends on the structure of his Ego, initial conflict and personality structure. Pregnancy is one of the key periods of development for both men and women. It should be also noted that there is a shortage of the clinical psychoanalytic material (psychotherapy practice, in particular) devoted to the psychoanalysis of pregnancy available for Russian readers.

Keywords: regression, masculinity, childbirth, femininity, fantasy, fear of castration, pregnancy, envy, child's desire, identification

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.68633

Keywords: regression, masculinity, childbirth, femininity, fantasy, fear of castration, pregnancy, envy, identification

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.10.13007

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.10.65658

Abstract: The article is based on documentary materials and scientific texts and describes the love relations between Sabina Spielrein and Carl Gustav Jung. Their love lasted for several decades, had a certain influence on their theories and resulted in discovered made by them both individually and together. Sabina Spielrein was one of the distinguished representatives of psychoanalytical theory. Her scientific work still needs to be studied. Her difficult life circumstances did not allow her to become famous. The authors of the present article are trying to repair the injustice. The main research method used by the author is historicism. The authors analyze the bases of psychoanalytical theory researched by Sabina Spielrein and describe her contribution to the development of psychoanalysis. The authors have also used philosophical and anthropological approaches allowing to reveal specific features of human nature. The novelty of the article is in the authors’ attempt to analyze Sabina Spielrein’s achievements and prove her leading role in creation of the basic ideas of psychoanalysis. In particular, Sigmund Freud himself recognized her contribution to the development of the concept of Thanatos. In addition, the authors of the article describe the kind of love experienced by Spielrein and Jung and reflected in their research work.

Keywords: psychoanalysis, love, death, hysterical character, Spielrein, Eros, Thanatos, projection, symbols, identity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.17063

Abstract: The article is devoted to telepathy as the phenomenon of human psyche. Telepathy is understood as the mental communication between two communicators without using any mediating means of communication. The object of the research is the telepathic communication, the subject of the research is the anti-language aspect of such communication. Along with the materialistic interpretation of telepathy, the author has also applied the broadside (para)psychological and philosophical approaches, which complete the technoscientific approach. The author examines such aspects of the topic as kinds of telepathy, 'initial delay' principle, mind reading technology and nonfalse communication. In his research article Nilogov has used the following methods: anti-language, hermeneutical, deconstructivist, historical-philosophical, critical, linguistic (semiotic), psychology and heuristic methods. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that to study the phenomenon of telepathy the author has applied the new anti-language method which allows to problematize telepathic communication from the point of view of the 'initial delay' principle. Nilogov has also provided grounds for describing new classes of anti-words specifying semiotic materials of the kind of information that can be conveyed through telepathy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.67215