Psychology and Psychotechnics - rubric Editor-in-Chief's column

Abstract: Review: the author is talking about the ‘norm’ and ‘pathology’ in connection with such psychological occurrences as ‘personality’ and ‘character’. The author defined the terms ‘character’, ‘personality’, ‘harmonious’ and ‘abnormal’ personalities. He also stressed out how subjective and controversial it was to distinguish the norm from the pathology. Key words: psychology, norm, pathology, personality, character, abnormal personality, harmonious personality

Abstract: In his article the author described how topical the new discipline, economic psychology, is. According to the author, economic psychology is aimed at studying economic processes through psychological knowledge. Key words: economics, psychology, economic psychology, crisis, advertising

Abstract: Review: the author described the contents of a new discipline, psychology of trades and economics, which has been recently started at Russian State University of Trades and Economics. It is underlined that it is impossible to carry out an effective world trade without knowing national traditions, mentality and social and psychological processes ongoing in other countries

Keywords: psychology, culture, history, psychology of trades and economics

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of a personal ‘wholeness’. The roots of the problem lay both in the spheres of psychology and philosophy and the problem is only awaiting to be researched. According to the author, wholeness of a human is not his inherited quality at all. It is his deep need, his aspiration for harmony with his self and his being.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, human, being, psyche, wholeness, cartography

Abstract: The author describes the merchants’ ethics at the end of the 19th century when a business deal was bound with a sign of the cross but not a stamp and the words ‘trust’ and ‘credit’ had the same meaning. It is not an accident that the author has considered such a topic during crisis in Russia. If we don’t understand and accept the ethical and psychological basis of business, we will not be able to build an ‘effective’ economic in Russia.

Keywords: psychology, ethics, economics, logics, me chantry, business

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.5.8845

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.6.8909

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.7.9122

Abstract: The author appeals to one of the most topical themes ever — the problem of suicidal behavior. It is underlined that suicide is a serious problem in philosophy. The author studies this topic from the point of view of literature and in conclusion, gives recommendations on how to overcome suicidal tendencies.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, human, suicide, death, life, morals.

Abstract: The author talks about the subject, essence and borders of psychology. It is underlined that fast changes of society and culture as well as inability of many people to adjust to these new realities make psychology play an important role for a modern world.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, human, reflection, society, personality, emotions, mind.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topic of fear and studies how this emotion has been developing from the Primitive Age up to the present. According to the author, modern people do not feel fear as much. They don’t feel other strong emotions, either, as the matter of fact.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, history, human, society, fear, feeling, emotion.

Abstract: Based on Jung’s work ‘Psychological Types’ the author of the article draws our attention at one of the main Jung’s ideas that there are no ‘bad’ or ‘good’ psychological types at all. It is underlined that psychological researches often tend to find out ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ types of personality.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psychological type, extravert, introvert, Jung.

Abstract: The article is devoted to Max Nordau, Cesare Lombroso’s follower who studied famous poets and authors from the point of view of their ‘sanity’.

Keywords: psychology, psychiatry, behavior, sanity, insanity.

Abstract: The author discusses the advantages of a mature and elderly life, — the time when a person begins to actually value life and experience. It is underlined that many great poets, philosophers and artists stayed talented till the end of their life. Moreover, some of them created their master pieces and represented their best ideas when they were much, much older.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, maturity, elderly, age, man, talent.

Abstract: The author discusses the difference between one’s image and his actual personal traits and features. As an example, the author describes a few popular TV stars which he himself used to teach when they were younger.

Keywords: psychology, cinematograph, TV, image, prototype.

Abstract: The editor-in-chief’s column is devoted to the psychoanalysis, its theory and implementation in therapy. The author gives a brief description of how psychoanalysis was developed and created many schools and teachings which altogether formed the phenomenon of so called Freudianism.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psychoanalysis, history, Freud, Jung, Adler.

Abstract: The article is devoted to TV and radio broadcasting as certain resources for modern philosophical anthropology and one more way to understand human and human nature.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, TV, radio, broadcasting, human.

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the greatest manipulations of human mind — political strategies and formation of attitudes and opinions. In his editor-in-chief’s column the editor wonders whether anti-social person is actually anti-social or only disappointed towards reality.

Keywords: psychology, social studies, politics, manipulation, anti-sociality, personality.

Abstract: Editor-in-chief discusses a modern image of hysteria. He talks about complexes and sexuality from the point of view of modern views and morals.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, woman, complex, psychoanalysis, hysteria, Freud.

Abstract: The column is devoted to the psychology of goods. According to the author, every piece of goods has a few functions, from consumer’s function when it is to satisfy someone’s particular need, to social function when it brings some esthetical meaning and etc.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, culture, goods, functions, consumer, social, human.

Abstract: What makes the cultural ideals and people behavior change from time to time? Why fashion is conquering so many aspects of human life? How is the style being created inside fashion? All these questions are touched upon in the editor-in-chief ’s column. The author talks about an English economist Adam Smith who tried to analyze advertising as a social and anthropological phenomenon. Adam Smith also associated fashion with technological progress.

Keywords: psychology, cultural processes, fashion, custom, society, elite, beauty, clothes, imagination, art.

Abstract: The author comments a conversation which happened between the Literaturnaya Gazeta employee and a famous geneticist and a member of the Russian Academy of Science – Konstantin Skryabin. The member of the Academy describes possible consequences of so-called genetic revolution. He also reveals the possibilities of such breakthrough. However, the interview does not touch upon social consequences of the experiment. Thus, the author of the article reveals certain threats which will eventually happen in the future.

Keywords: psychology, genetics, genetic revolution, information, genome, health, heredity, human nature, upbringing.

Abstract: Freud’s most anthropological achivement was his theory of personalities. Freud did not only show that a person does not quite understand his internal drivers and uses rationalization to defend himself from realizing them. Freud also explained that these unrealized drivers are integrated into an entire system called ‘character’. Freud’s theory of personalities help to explain the System Theory which has been used in natural sciences since the beginning of XX century (especially in biology and neurophysiology) as well as in some social sciences.

Keywords: psychology, personality, behavior, libido, violence, control, Ego, instincts, age, anality.

Abstract: Freud created his personality conception based on the Enlightenment model. However, his studies considerably shook the Enlightenment model of human. Freud’s studies showed that human mind is not actually the true trigger of our thoughts, emotions and behavior. So it would be reasonable to view unconsciousness as the basis of personality.

Keywords: psychology, Enlightenment, tradition, sexuality, personality, neurosis, feelings, typology, individual, libido.

Abstract: Eros is a t ypical feature of human nature but in each destiny and culture it is reflected in its own way. Some people stay abstinent all their life and transform their sexual energy into romantic feelings. Others abandon themselves to passion. Even innocent ones know what the passion is. Those who enjoy their desires still dream about romantic adoration. We can devote ourselves to God but still experience earthly obsession. Devilish infusions make us tremble but we find ourselves in true love. We know about fancies of passion but figure out that passion has no limits.

Keywords: psychology, passion, Eros, sensuality, demonism, culture, feeling, obsession, de Sade, Lacan.

Abstract: Today many authors describe the phenomenon of so called sexual revolution. It appears that today we can view the other side of this phenomenon. Yes people do not keep to the Victorian morals any more. Yes we have fewer prejudices about the intimate sphere. We have understood that love is an archetypical feeling. However, culture undoubtedly has a certain impact on eroticism, too. Prevailing standards define the form of popular feelings and emotions. Asceticism replaces orgiastic passions and sexual obsession is often replaced with celibacy.

Keywords: psychology, Eros, sexual revolution, sex, intimacy, sexuality, human, society, power, trans-sexuality.

Keywords: psychology, ethics, economics, logics, me chantry, business

Abstract: As continuation of the topic on the merchants’ ethics declaring labor to be a very special value, the author considers the conceptions of labor in various religious movements such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and Protestantism.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, religion, labor, value

Abstract: Continuing the topic of the merchants’ ethics, the author wonders what eventually led to its crisis. It is underlined that the most important element of the merchants’ ethics was moral norms and restrictions regulating the merchants’ behavior.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, Protestantism, merchants’ word, merchants’ ethics

Abstract: In his article the author analyzes and compares the essence of protestant and social ethics. It is underlined that our modern world has undergone a grandiose ethical revolution – people’s values have changed greatly, and so has our culture and ethics.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, social, protestant, ethics, human, society

Abstract: The author continues to study the topic of Protestant ethos. He describes Weber’s views on capitalism and Protestantism and how attitudes to labor and capital changed with time. It is underlined that there is a certain connection between distortions of ethical views on usury and modern world crisis

Keywords: ethics, Protestantism, capitalism, debtors, loaners, world crisis, speculation

Abstract: The term ‘changed forms of conscience’ was first introduced by an American psychologist William James over a hundred of years ago. Describing various forms of achieving changed states of mind (shamanism, acting, religious practices and so on), the author underlines that these forms of mind allow a man to go beyond his own identity. It is admitted that there are no grounds for considering such forms of mind to be pathological

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psyche, changed forms of conscience, mystery, catharsis, religion

Abstract: The author of the article touches upon a very important problem of the humankind, - loneliness. Studying the views of philosophers, sociologists and poets on human loneliness, the author underlines the subjective perception of loneliness by human. Some people consider loneliness to be the only opportunity to exist and spend time with themselves, the others think of it as suffering, obsession and misfortune

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, sociology, loneliness

Abstract: In his mini-essay the author describes several personal stories wondering whether we rule our life or our life makes us what we are?

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, fate, life

Abstract: Based on the description of a clinical case, the author studies the phenomenon of incest, - sexual attraction to relatives. The author also illustrates how the first ‘infantile’ sexual experience may lead to neurotic problems in adult age.

Keywords: psychology, phenomenon, incest, Freud, sexuality, neurosis

Abstract: The author describes a few examples from his own clinical experience as well as famous ‘real life’ stories about punishment for wrongdoings. According to the author, all our wrongdoings eventually lead to certain consequences. The author is mostly interested in psychological side of oblation.

Keywords: psychology, theology, oblation, fate, punishment, delinquency

Abstract: The article is devoted to the 90th anniversary of Elton Mayo’s psychological experiment at the Hawthorne Works (a Western Electric factory outside Chicago). It was the first experiment to study the social aspect of labor and to understand how a worker’s attitude to his role in labor process influences the labor productivity.

Keywords: psychology, industrial psychology, social studies, experiment, personality, motivation, labor productivity

Abstract: The author of the article describes how the basic psychoanalytical conceptions were formed, including the unconscious aspiration for death and life, natural aggression and the war as a social phenomenon of expression of human aggressive impulses.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psychoanalysis, death, life, aggression, culture, Freud

Abstract: The author questions the American psychologist Karen Horney’s opinion that anyone can help himself to overcome a neurosis if he starts the process of self-cognition. By distinguishing the terms ‘selfanalysis’ and ‘heart-searching’ the author tries to show how absurd self-treatment is and notes that not everyone can adequately interpret his own psychological problems.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, self-analysis, selfcognition, heart-searching, neurosis, human, society

Abstract: The article criticizes the widely spread idea of a necessity to teach children finances from an early age. Based on the author, such an approach does not only deprive a child from enjoying a romantic childhood, but can also lead to serious psychological problems in adulthood.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, children, money, society, consumer society, anal state of development

Abstract: The article describes how psychology has become a science instead of Kant’s opinion that ‘psychology shall never become a science and even if it does, it will be a completely boring one’. The author also quotes the English writer Herbert Wells words that ‘psychology is going to become an important science in the coming century’.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, philosophical anthropology, human, science, feelings, inner world

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.10769

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.14159

Abstract: The article analyzes the philosophical and psychological heritage of Eduard Spranger. Publication of his book «Types of men: the psychology and ethics of personality» (the Russian translation by A.K. Sudakov) permits to significantly deepen the history of psychology, to ensure a higher level of comprehension of the Russian psychological school. According to Spranger, psychology is a descriptive and “understanding” but not a normative science. He consistently makes a distinction between general and «physiological psychology». The strong side of his conception is its relation to the philosophical tradition and metaphysical reflection. E. Spranger, basing upon works by W. Wundt and F. Nietzsche, turns to analysis of the spiritual life of people. He analyzes forms of life relating them with value orientations of an individual. The research methods are related to the sciences of the spirit that are opposed to the sciences of nature, in accordance with their traditional distinction. The research is centred on historical experience, «being», or the «world of life». The author is guided by hermeneutically oriented psychology and philosophy. The novelty of the article is determined by an attempt to analyze E. Spranger’s heritage in the perspective of the current state of psychology. For the first time in Russian literature, Spranger’s heritage receives critical interpretation. The article shows the indisputable achievements of this prominent author. The creation of a structural or understanding psychology is noted as fruitful, and its methodological foundations and perspectives are emphasized. On the other hand, the article shows the inadequacy of Spranger’s typology of characters. Spranger does not always coherently employ the axiological principle, and gives an incorrect characteristic of the social and political, power-interested characters.

Keywords: descriptive psychology, understanding psychology, sciences of spirit, being, historical experience, spiritual life, character, typology of characters, personality, values

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.1.62131

Abstract: The editor-in-chief’s column contains the interpretation of the term ‘anima’ in Jungian psychology. It is noted that anima is not the same as prototype. It is underlined as a psychic phenomena, anima is located below the threshold of consciousness. The author also provides references to associated examples in literature.

Keywords: psychology, anima, animus, archetype, image, Eros, culture, prototype, persona, feminity, mother.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.63931

Abstract: Over the last years there have been many literary researches about the war being the necessary evil for the humankind. Telling us about the new methods of murdering people, some researchers even complain that the government does not try to create new weapon. The governors tend to believe that the future war will use only traditional and wellknown methods of destroying the enemy while the experts try to convince them that they are wrong and should master the new weapon as soon as possible. However, there are no researchers who would say that the humankind should stop having wars at all. They tend to believe that wars cannot be erased from the human history. We can’t do without wars because it is in human nature to be evil and aggressive. The author of the present article questions whether this position is the sober thought or just the wrong belief directly related to the apology of war. The author of the article uses the historical and phenomenological approaches to the problem. Researchers’ views on war are traced back historically from myths to modern science and philosophy. The author also analyzes the concept of war and shows that the definition of war needs to be corrected. Nowadays there are wars not only between governments but also between different classes. At the same time, social, confessional and ethnic groups are recruited during the war. Serous contradictions also arise between developed countries and other countries that are only trying to catch up. According to the author, the most important aspect of the definition of war is the statement about socio-political, economic, religious, ideological and other contradictions between states, nations, social, national, confessional and other groups being resolved (or not resolved) by the means of armed violence. In addition, the author tries to provide a special analysis of the phenomenology of war and prove that it is possible to eliminate war as the way of conflict resolution.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, war, conflicts, humanity, traditions, values, civilization, armament preparation, catastrophe.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.66077

Keywords: descriptive psychology, understanding psychology, sciences of spirit, being, historical experience, spiritual life, character, typology of characters, personality, values.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.17595

Abstract: The article is devoted to a particular example of the phenomenology of simulacrum. The author of the article refers to the description of the story that was analyzed in his book of 1978. However, analysis of the American TV show about the Louds is not a mere interest in documentalism. The previous interpetation of the event which was mostly perceived as everyone's interest towards archives is viewed by the author of the article as a more profound phenomenon. The author bases his research on the famous concept of simulacrum. In his research article Gurevich uses journalistic documents and conducts a psychological analysis of the 'industry of consciousness'. He analyzes why diaries, memoirs, drafts, notes and sketches in popular culture. The author has appealed to the works of modern post-modernists. The purpose of his research is to analyze the American TV show about the everyday life of the Loud family. The author views this TV show as the simulacrum of everyday life. The author proves that the TV show is not a product of the document about common life. The real is hidden there and decoded as a document, however, does not fully conform to the rules of the genre. Such interpretation of the simulacrum demonstrates modern trends of social thinking. According to the author, the TV show is a bright example of the process of simulacrumization.

Keywords: culture, fantasms, document, simulacrum, reality, illusion, everyday life, artistic image, family values, hallucination

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.67647

Keywords: culture, fantasms, document, simulacrum, reality, illusion, everyday life, artistic image, family values, hallucination

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.18646

Abstract: The article is devoted to imagination as a special gift that only human may have. The author of the article reflects on the amazing ability of human to create fantastic worlds, to escape from the reality in their daydreams, to evoke dreams and to put himself and others to sleep. In this regard, the author of the article underlines the role of dreams, poetic fantasy, human creativity, his passion for play, hallucinative illusions and visions. The author appeals to the two initial sources of ancient culture described by Nietzsche, the Appolonian and the Dionysian. In his article Gurevich views human passion for dreaming as an attempt to extend the borders of human existence, to grasp the other worlds beyond man's power and to complete the missing fragments of human existence. The article is based on serious achievements of philosophy regarding such phenomena as myth, play and fanstasy. The author also uses the methods of philosophical anthropology. The article presents an attempt to view all sides of human existence that rae related to play. The author distinguishes between the definitions of imagination and fantasy and analyzes different forms of escape from the reality. The author tries to find the reasons of escape from the reality in dreams, art, carnivals and parades. He shows that human ability and passion for fantasizing prove the imcompleteness of human and his longing for being complete.

Keywords: reality, illusion, game, daydreams, human existence, art, reason, absurdity, fantasy, imagination

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.67758

Keywords: reality, illusion, game, daydreams, human existence, art, reason, absurdity, fantasy, imagination

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.2.62390

Abstract: Melanie Klein (1882-1960) is a British psychoanalyst. After Freud has formed his theory of classical psychoanalysis, the theory developed in different directions. One of such directions was Neo-Freudianism represented by Gordon Allport, Erich Fromm and Karen Horney). Followers of this school blamed Freud for paying too little attention at social aspects of the theory. This article presents an attempt to reconstruct the child behavior based on Melanie Klein’s researches.

Keywords: psychology, human, Neo-Freudianism, classical psychoanalysis, culture, cogitation, psyche, ego-psychology, unconsciousness, cultural anthropology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.2.14455

Abstract: The article presents a critical review of the so called «ontological reductionism». The author believes that this methodological position had undoubtful merits in a certain period of the history of science. A scientific language cannot be developed without support of the dialogue between various spheres of scientific research work, without employment of obvious and simple models. Reductionism could not provide a foundation for the unity of scientific knowledge. But this does not mean that it was futile. It has become the source for cybernetics, computer logic, cognitive science. Nowadays, however, reductionism as a methodology makes new advances and often removes intermediate links, simplifying real processes of life and knowledge. The author uses the methodology of logical positivism to show the genesis of reductionism. He also employs the philosophy of spirit that permits to interpret man as a special kind of being, not at the «naked ape» for there is not reason to «dissolve» physics in biology. The novelty of the article is in giving credit to reductionism, in opening the meanings of reduction of the complex to the simple. Restoring the legality of reductionism, the author also shows that nowadays, when science multiplies scientific discoveries, there is a danger of eliminating the mediated links in analysis of mental and spiritual processes, in particular, of reducing psychological phenomena to the reflex of physiological processes. According to the author, mental processes are not produced by the brain directly but are of autonomous nature.

Keywords: spiritual processes, conceptual thinking, ontological reductionism, scientific knowledge, picture of the world, psychology, physiology, living organisms, man, spiritual malaise

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.2.66253

Keywords: spiritual processes, conceptual thinking, ontological reductionism, scientific knowledge, picture of the world, psychology, physiology, living organisms, man, spiritual malaise

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.2.11135

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.2.64030

Abstract: Discussions about man’s spiritual world hold a high position in Paul Ricoeur’s works on philosophy. The philosopher associates the phenomenon of spirituality with the problem of man’s subjectivity. He appeals to the analysis of man’s passions and free will as the source of man’s actions. The immanence of passions, according to the author, shows itself when it is a full element of the free will. Paul Ricoeur is concerned about applying the method of hermeneutic analysis to studying pre-reflective forms of social and cultural life. He also touches upon the problem of ambivalent feelings that man may experience. Ricoeur distinguish between sign and symbol and underlines that the symbol does not only point out at an item. Symbol reveals the hidden meaning too, and the meaning of symbol has a spiritual interpretation. The author of the present article uses the hermeneutic method in his research. At the same time, the author takes into account the phenomenological method as well. The author further develops the idea of reflexive philosophy, finds out the dependence of reflexive philosophy on Husserl phenomenology and offers the hermeneutic variant of this phenomenology. The novelty of this research article is the author’s attempt to carry out a new analysis of the phenomenon of spirituality in Paul Ricoeur’s works. The problem under review relates to the pre-reflective forms of social and cultural life. The author of the research article establishes that these are the forms of social and cultural life when the first seeds of spirituality are being born. Based on that assumption, the author compares sign and symbol and describes the ambivalent nature of man’s feelings. Special attention is paid to man’s passions as the expression of truly human features.

Keywords: man’s subjectivity, spirituality, free-will, self-reflection, self-consciousness, feeling, myth, symbol, hermeneutics, faith.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.3.62507

Abstract: When we speak of the object of psychology, we simultaneously answer the question what makes it exist as an autonomous science. As far as the subject of psychology is concerned, it is usually formed through methodological ‘faceting’ of the object of psychology. For this purpose, the object is successively applied to different environments where it evokes different kinds of questions and these questions are answered on the basis of just created or previously used theories and methods.

Keywords: psychology, object, subject, term, metaphysics, meaning, content, research, cogitation, psyche.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.19112

Abstract: The article is devoted to the typical tendency of our days which the author calls 'psychiatrization of humanities knowledges'. Based on clinical expertise, many authors describe individuals according to this approach. In particular, one of the authors publishing his articles in the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal F. Faritov makes an assumption that there are the two poles of philosophical activity. These poles are represented by 'schizoid' and 'hysteriod' researchers. Socrates and Nietzsche are considered to be schizo-hysteriods. There is a great variety of features attributable to schizoid personality in psychoanalytical and psychiatric researches. Still, many researchers deliberately reduce these features to so called 'formal behavior' based on Kretschmer's and Lichko's Inventories. The author of the present article bases his research on classical philosophical and psychiatric researches. He pays attention to Karl Jaspers' warning that there are certain methods that cannot always be used in philosophical research. For the first time in the academic literature the author of the article critisizes psychiatrization of humanities knowledge. The author traces back the origin and development of that tendency in Michel Foucault's works. Without going against recent findings of philosophical anthropology, the author, however, does not agree with the opinion that the previous 'conditional' psychological norm shoudl be replaced with the 'conditional' psychiatric norm. According to the author, we should seriously rethink this tendency to make an individual look like a madman. Being opposed to classical Homo Sapiens, Homo Insanus is very unlikely to be associated with a psychiatric patient. Great part of the article is devoted to the author's arguments against 'blashemous' psychiatric analysis of such great philosophers as Socrates, Kant and Hegel.

Keywords: norm, madness, deviation, psychiatrization, hysteroid, schizoid, neurosis, personality disorder, human, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.67863

Keywords: norm, madness, deviation, psychiatrization, hysteroid, schizoid, neurosis, personality disorder, human, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.3.14758

Abstract: The question whether animals have the unconscious does not seem to admit a negative answer. But understanding of this problem necessitates, on the one hand, consideration of the processes of domestication of animals, their taming, and on the other hand, analysis of the processes that go on now in the life of living beings in general. The article reinterprets the traditional demarcations between animals and people. While in the beginning of the past century psychiatrists and philosophers believed that psychoses, serious neurotic disorders are not characteristic for animals but are a human “privilege”, in the beginning of this century we obtained extensive material indicative of deep and versatile neurotization of animals.The article uses methods of psychological and psychiatric analysis of the processes going on nowadays in the realm of domestic animals. As has been shown, the canons of zoopsychology are now replaced by zoopsychiatry. Therefore, the methods and techniques of interpreting traditional problems of the mind and the unconscious change, too.The novelty of the article is in the fact that there is a possibility of combining experimental data of zoopsychology and the findings of psychological studies of human society. Traditionally, the life of animals and humans has been viewed separately. For instance, nobody could think of transferring the laws of human existence into animal communities. Neither was practiced the projection of knowledge about animal communities onto human behaviour. Meanwhile, J. Baudrillard has shown that such superposition of the two systems is not only specific but also extremely significant. Observing neurotization of domestic animals, we can see that similar processes take place also in human communities. Thus opens up a new field of research into mental phenomena.

Keywords: zoopsychology, unconscious, instinct, morals, mercy, biology, psychology, mind, territory, man

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.3.66359

Keywords: zoopsychology, unconscious, instinct, morals, mercy, biology, psychology, mind, territory, man

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.3.11429

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.3.64094

Abstract: The article is devoted to the description of the child’s mental processes after birth. It is well known that such intensive attention towards a child’s emotional experience is typical for the English school of psychoanalysis. Many researchers who studied the psychic dynamics of a newborn empathized the importance of emotional states experienced by the newborn right after he or she had been born. Such emotional states are neither sentimental nor optimistic. Today everyone knows that a child takes his or her birth as death. Otto Rank used to write about it and modern transpersonalists conduct many detailed studies on the matter. The death threat does not leave a child when he or she is finally born. It is caused by the baby leaving the mother’s body and unconsciously wanting to return to where he or she had the almost absolute comfort. It is impossible for a child to return to the mother’s womb and the parent care cannot substitute for the previous comfortable existence. The author of the present article describes the three scenarios that can define the further development of the child. The author of the article uses the methods of phenomenological interpretation of mythology as well as particular techniques allowing to describe the mental world of the child from the point of view of later mental formations. Therefore, the author traces possible disclosures of the child’s mind and interprets their goals and meanings. The novelty of the present research is that the mental development of the child is being viewed in terms of life and death. The author analyzes the difficult dialectics of the confrontation of life and death instincts in the newborn’s mind and stresses out the contribution of the English psychoanalytical school.

Keywords: psychoanalysis, mental development, life, death, instinct, pre-Oedipus complex, Narcissism, psychosis, paranoid complex, sexuality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.4.62634

Abstract: There are books that reflect the deepest gap in values of our today’s culture. These books describe another mentality and life style. Very often an author of a book does not even set a goal to pave the way for new life and practical preferences. Did an Austrian and German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing want to write his ‘Psychopathia Sexualis’? Not likely. He just had a professional goal to tell about sexual perversions as psychopathologic deviations. And he wrote the book that created such a great scandal.

Keywords: psychology, sensuality, piety, Victorian ethics, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, perversions, good morals, masochism, sadism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.4.19420

Abstract: Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M. V. Vladimirski is going to celebrate its 240th jubilee. The date itself evokes the sense of belonging to history which does not only preserve memorial practice but also encourages to think over the current problems of the Russian society. The present research article is devoted to the analysis of the main milestones in the development of the aforesaid Institute, in particular, undeniable achievements. Over the past years the Institute has made an evident break through in theoretical and practical research. Based on the historicism principle, the author of the article describes the reasons for such significant dynamism of the Institute development. According to the author, it would be impossible to run effectively such a large and multiple-discipline institute without being based on humanistic traditions and long-decade experience. For the first time in the Russian academic literature the author analyzes the research and clinical practice of such a large institute as Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. The author demonstrates that throughout the history of its development, Ekaterina's Hostical team (current Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute) has been playing an important role in the development of Russian public health service and medical science. Today 1200 doctors, over 100 professors and doctors of science, 300 PhDs, 4 members of the academy and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 honored scientists and 23 laureates of state prize work at the Institute.

Keywords: humanism, diagnostics, therapy, public health service, treatment, clinical psychology, innovation, clinical practice, science, health

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.4.68046

Keywords: humanism, diagnostics, therapy, public health service, treatment, clinical psychology, innovation, clinical practice, science, health

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.15026

Abstract: The research subjet is the psychological and cultural grounds for creation of a unified planetary language. Is there a need in a unified planetary language? In what way can it be created? What if it is better to listen to all 'voices' and languages of the modern world rather than to create a new esperanto or a language that would be more flexible and popular with masses? Who defines the status of a universal language? What plays the more important role in the process of creating such a language, theoretical findings of language experts or the political will of modern leaders? What will happen to the heritage of small ethnic groups and social communities on the periphery of the global process? What if the humankind loses cultural treasures when different cultural orientations will become one? As we see, this topic raises a lot of questions that need to be solved as soon as possible. In his research Gurevich has used the methods of psycholinguistics as well as findings of philosophy of culture and philosophy of language. He has also used the methods of comparative research. It is demonstrated that the fate of languages in the epoch of globalization brings out all kinds of philosophical, socio-cultural and linguistic isues. This topic is not only nettlesome but also very important in the conceptual meaning. The spiritual debates of civilizations oblidge humanities to state a whole number of problems as a result of globalization. In his article Gurevich also discusses what language could undertake the role of the universal language. He also discusses whether it would be useful to create a universal communication code.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, language, culture, communication, interaction, globalization, symbol, Völkerpsychologie (psychology of peoples), information

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.4.66449

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, language, culture, communication, interaction, globalization, symbol, Völkerpsychologie (psychology of peoples), information

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.11923

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.64211

Abstract: Over the last years there have been a great number of researches devoted to intuition. There is a hypothesis that intuition is not a special form of cognition but the ‘speed reading’, i.e. the fast ‘thinking’ of the thought. However, this point of view isn’t so new. Before Carl Jung’s theory appeared, intuition had been often interpreted as the aid for the analytical activity of human mind. For quite a long time it has been evident that in different majors scientists make their way to discoveries gradually as if they were pricking forward the thought that was still to become more complete or clear. The author of the present research article does not agree to the above mentioned interpretation of intuition. Based on Jung’s concept, he provides additional arguments proving that intuition gives independent access to knowledge and constitutes an important part in the theory of cognitive activity. As a research method, the author uses modern cognitive practices and theoretical concepts these practices are based upon. The author also bases himself on Jung’s teaching about the four functions used by an individual in order to adjust to the reality. The scientific importance and novelty of the topic under review is the statement that intuition cannot be always viewed as the ‘fast thinking’. Originally intuition gives access to the kind of knowledge that can’t be accessed through regular intellectual activity. According to the author, intuitive knowledge has nothing to do with the successive proceeding from one thought to another.

Keywords: psychology, intuition, inspiration, cognition, creativity, gnosis, mind, reason, science, thinking.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.5.20271

Abstract: The material posted in the Journal contains the conversation between the writer and the frontman of the popular science show 'Object 22' broadcasted by Radio Mayak Evgeniy Stakhovsky and the editor-in-chief of the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal professor Pavel Gurevich. On May, 6 it will be 160 years since the birth of a great researcher Zigmund Freud. Being the founder of psychoanalysis as a philosophical and psychological school, he had a great influence on philosophy, sociology, philosophical anthropology, art, medicine and other associated sciences. His views drew controversial responses of the global cultural community. Freud became the founder of a special philosophical school called Psychoanalysis. At the same time, he is also the father of psychoanalysis as one of the five main branches of psychology. The main method used in the conversation is historicism which allows to demonstrate the place of psychoanalysis in the history of world psychology. This principle also allows to analyze the radical nature of Freud's psychological concept. Evaluations of Freud's heritage are often contradictory. It is widely accepted that Freud influenced nearly all philosophical schools of the last century. Some ideas of psychoanalysis received recognition and further development in other psychological schools and movements. Existentialism is an example of it. From time to time Freud's main conclusions were criticized. However, when doing so philosophers always described both differences and similarities of theories. Freud made a revolution in psychology by describing the role of unconscious in human behavior and thinking which changed the vector of psychology in many ways.

Keywords: anthropogenesis, culture, sexuality, life, personality, human, unconscious, psychoanalysis, psychology, psyche

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.5.68092

Keywords: anthropogenesis, culture, sexuality, life, personality, human, unconscious, psychoanalysis, psychology, psyche

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.5.62748

Abstract: It is believed that the definition of identity has been in great demand lately. After Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson’s works this term has become ingrained in humanities. Today many authors are writing about individual, social, cultural, religious self-identity and identity decay and crisis. It is noted that Paul Ricoeur has managed to create a new interpretation of this term. Paul Ricoeur has shown that internal and external identities do not have an ordinary bond. Complex dialectics appear here. The French philosopher responded to the conception offered by a professor of Oxford University Peter Strawson. Peter Strawson offered a new solution of the old psychophysical problem by introducing a new definition of personality. In his interpretation, personality is the basic and indivisible concept. Identification of personality attributes (states of consciousness and body) is possible only trough preceding personality identification. As a result of traditional analyst’s searches for initial states of analysis (basic particularities) Strawson makes a conclusion that there are the two basic particularities, particularity of one’s body and particularity of one’s personality. So it is no mere coincidence that the phenomenon of personality comprises a great part of Ricoeur’s philosophical and anthropological concepts.

Keywords: psychology, identity, dialectics, analogy, subject, self-identity, authenticity, otherness, cultural imperatives, paradox.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.5.15318

Abstract: The research subject of the present article is the influence of quantum reasoning on the phenomenon of ethnic identity. Throughout centuries ethnic self-identity has been maintained by uniform traditions and kin relationships. However, the 'blood factor' has been gradually replaced with other forms of social solidarity. It even seemed that ethnic awareness would be dissolved in the interior of social dynamics. Yet, it has turned out to be a more complex problem than it seemed to followers of Eurocentrism and ideologists of globalization. Ethnic mentality often revealed inexplicit roots, thereby reflecting the opposition between nature and society. Globalism has faced active forms of ethnic and national opposition to the general flow of history. In his article Gurevich has used achievements of ontological researches, acquirements of philosopho-historical reasoning, experience in comparing socio-cultural results and, finally, the most recent findings in physics and their effect on the development of the scientific picture of the world. For the first time in the academic literature Gurevich analyzes the drastic shift from ethnic identity to quantum reasoning that created new forms of social communities. There is growing belief in psychology that the picture of the world presented by quantum physics insists on the redevelopment of the entire social life of humankind. There is similar belief that history has prepared the breakthrough that would allow people to 'jump' into a new, and to a great extent, artificial world. Figuratively speaking, the call of the blood that has started ethnic awareness will be gradually replaced with the 'unity by quantum' or, more exactly, new means of human self-identity. The author stresses out that this is a complex and controversial process.

Keywords: psychology, ethnos, identity, tradition, quantum reasoning, sociality, lifestyle, nazification of humankind, multiculturalism, globalism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.5.66549

Keywords: psychology, ethnos, identity, tradition, quantum reasoning, sociality, lifestyle, nazification of humankind, multiculturalism, globalism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.5.12183

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.5.64994

Abstract: Can we actually entrust our secrets to another person? Are we allowed to open up our inner world for everyone and tell everything about us? Or should be better follow the advice given by Shakespeare’s Polonius ‘Give thy thoughts no tongue, nor any unproportioned thought his act. Be though familiar, but by no means vulgar’? If we base only on our internal experience and ignore the opinion of others, we can understand ourselves as we truly are. At the same time, if we keep our experience to ourselves and stay away from others, others can create the wrong image of us. However, the author notes, there is a certain period of life when we all are ready to open up and entrust our secrets to other people and to feel better sharing our sorrows or sins. Sometimes it happens to a criminal who was not convicted guilty but at some moment he is ready to tell everything himself. Sometimes such a desire to confess is typical for a person who is about to die. This is what happened to a French philosopher Walter for instance. Even though he was absolutely against religion all his life, before his death he declared his sins, adopted religion and acquired the spiritual comfort before his meeting with God. The author bases his research on different sources and refers to the memorials of different epochs. He uses the method of historical comparison. At the same time, he also uses the method of psychological reconstruction and psychological analysis. The author also appeals to introspection as the method of receiving knowledge about psychological phenomena. The novelty of the research is in the author’s an attempt to create the history of development of the confession literature and traces back particular common and different features in their development. Philosophy and fiction have the genre of confession. Confession is usually in demand during historical, social and cultural transformations and breakthroughs. However, confession always reflects a personal, spiritual catastrophe. Existential drama shows the life of the epoch or, on the contrary, peculiarities of personal existence that have not been taken into account. The confession genre is usually associated with philosophical and psychological literature.

Keywords: psychology, confession, confessionality, soul, passions, frankness, self-consciousness, dialectics of feelings, compassion, faith.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.6.20558

Abstract: The material posted in the Journal contains the conversation between the writer and the frontman of the popular science show 'Object 22' broadcasted by Radio Mayak Evgeniy Stakhovsky and the editor-in-chief of the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal professor Pavel Gurevich regarding one of the five main schools of world psychology, transpersonal psychology. Radio Mayak listeners often ask questions about transpersonal psychology. They are interested how that word-combination was created, what the main ideas of transpersonal psychology are and what Holotropic Breathwork means. The subject of transpersonal psychology is 'transpersonal' or 'suprapersonal' states of consciousness. The main method used in the conversation is historicism. The interlocutors trace back the sources of transpersonal psychology rooted in psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology. It is demonstrated that transpersonal psychology substantiates the importance of spiritual aspects of psyche. It is also noted that throughout the history all cultures except for that of European industrial society have highly valued spiritual states of consciousness. The difference between transpersonal psychology and humanistic themes is that transpersonal psychology aimed at overcoming the borders of the previous subject field set by the problems of self-actualization, creativity and humanistic psychotherapy and pedagogics.

Keywords: Holotropic Breathwork, mysticism, vision, unconsciousness, perinatal experience, human, spiritual states, brain, transpersonal psychology, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.6.68231

Abstract: The material posted in the Journal contains the conversation between the writer and the frontman of the popular science show 'Object 22' broadcasted by Radio Mayak Evgeniy Stakhovsky and the editor-in-chief of the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal professor Pavel Gurevich regarding one of the five main schools of world psychology, transpersonal psychology. Radio Mayak listeners often ask questions about transpersonal psychology. They are interested how that word-combination was created, what the main ideas of transpersonal psychology are and what Holotropic Breathwork means. The subject of transpersonal psychology is 'transpersonal' or 'suprapersonal' states of consciousness. The main method used in the conversation is historicism. The interlocutors trace back the sources of transpersonal psychology rooted in psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology. It is demonstrated that transpersonal psychology substantiates the importance of spiritual aspects of psyche. It is also noted that throughout the history all cultures except for that of European industrial society have highly valued spiritual states of consciousness. The difference between transpersonal psychology and humanistic themes is that transpersonal psychology aimed at overcoming the borders of the previous subject field set by the problems of self-actualization, creativity and humanistic psychotherapy and pedagogics.

Keywords: Holotropic Breathwork, mysticism, vision, unconsciousness, perinatal experience, human, spiritual states, brain, transpersonal psychology, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.6.62800

Abstract: The world view is made up of thousands of images. Some images can be very simple, like reflection of clouds floating above, others represent abstract world structures. Individual needs a certain orientation system which would allow to identify himself with a certain acknowledged image. Freud was the first to view such mechanisms. Based on Freud’s conception, Erik Erikson wrote about psychosocial, cultural and race identity. Later a French philosopher Paul Ricceur thought about the multiple meaning of the term ‘identity’ and distinguished between individual and social identities. The main idea is that one’s internal image does not always coincide with the way he is perceived by the others. These are very important issues for us because we need to make the final decision but the history of Russia. Should we view Russia as a successor of the USSR or identify ourselves with a new cultural alliance? Are we the part of Europe or more of Asians (‘we, the Scythians, we, the Asians’)? It is also quite obvious that our image of Russia is different from how other peoples and countries perceive it. Many modern intellectuals try to oppose the common unification of national culture. To their opinion, social mythology represents special features of this or that country. For instance, the French New Right believe arianism to be a very special feature of European culture. According to the New Right, European nations belong to the Indo-European tradition which has been known since the Neolithic age over 5 thousand years ago. The New Right leader Alain de Benoist does not call for restoration of archaic culture. He just points out that progress is not anything fatal or necessary. In his opinion, tradition is not transformed but remains and forms the ‘national soul’. And the national soul defines the type and structure of national culture.

Keywords: philosophy, education, arianism, culture, civilization, identity, paganism, hero, de-culturation, ground.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.15482

Abstract: The present article is devoted to schizophrenia. Nowadays when all mental processes are viewed as being based on physiology, particular attention is paid to the problems of genetic disposition to this mental disorder. However, scientists who tried to find genetic factors inevitably leading to schizophrenia faced certain difficulties. It turned out that schizophrenia genes are spread throughout genom. Recent researches outlined a number of locuses that presumably cause schizophrenia. At the same time, these researches have been disproved in the 21st century because no gene that would be in charge of the development of this mental disorder was found. In the present research Gurevich has analyzed the results of psychiatric researches on schizophrenia. In addition, Gurevich has carried out the critical analysis of the phenomenon of reductionism when complex phenomena are 'reduced' to simpler or more basic phenomena. The researcher also examines biological and cultural determinism, their achievements and disadvantages. The novelty of the author's approach is caused by the fact that the author tries to analyze not only the gene mutation as the cause of schizophrenia but also discuss situations when genetic predisposition to schizophrenia does not develop due to social or cultural factors. Special attention is paid to risk factors as well as conditions that allow to overcome the 'sentence' to madness. The researcher also performs the critical analysis of the sociobiological thesis that all past and present forms of social organization are caused by specific activity of genes. Gurevich describes the sequences that follow the concept of genetic determinancy of social organization through natural selection.

Keywords: psychiatry, sociobiology, reductionism, mind, madness, genome, insanity, schizophrenia, sociality, genetic heredity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.66632

Keywords: psychiatry, sociobiology, reductionism, mind, madness, genome, insanity, schizophrenia, sociality, genetic heredity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.20719

Abstract: The article is devoted to the critical analysis of John Locke's concept who was one of the first in the history of European philosophy to raise the problem of human identity. According to the author of the article, Locke's work 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' presents an attempt to develop the concept of personality. This is the concept that appeared to be the key concept in Locke's following thoughts on what guarantees an integrity of human self-identity. Locke believed that memory was the guarantee of individual's self-identity. According to Locke, this is memory that allows human to imagine himself in different places and at different times. This is quite a philosophical point of view, however, it was not supported by the following development of psychology. In his research Gurevich has used methods of historical and philosophical research. This has allowed him to describe the role of Locke's concept and its insufficiency for further development of Locke's ideas in psychology and philosophy. For the first time in Russian academic literature John Locke's concept of personal identity is critically analyzed taking into account following discoveries in the spheres of philosophy and psychology. The author demonstrates that memory does not have a universal ability to develop one's personality. Memory is selective, thus it is more likely to prove the theory of forgetting rather than to develop the core of personality. In his research article Gurevich also provides a psychoanalytical interpretation of Pavel Lungin's movie The Island. Based on Gurevich, John Locke's error is his statement that human memory is flawless. Flaws of memory are what guarantees security of personality.

Keywords: identity, personality, memory, forgetting, psychology, mythology, consciousness, imagination, human, equality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.68310

Keywords: identity, personality, memory, forgetting, psychology, mythology, consciousness, imagination, human, equality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.6.12252

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.6.65042

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the ideas of F. Alexander who created a so-called medical psychoanalysis. Alexander tried to establish the direct but in many ways correct connection between physical sickness and psychological state of a man. Being the follower of Freud, Alexander nevertheless spoke against many statements of classical psychoanalysis and was quite independent in developing his own theory. Appearance of psychosomatics as an independent branch of psychology and science in the 30th of the last century was not an accident, either. It was the time when medicine was criticized for a mechanic approach to human when an individual was explained just as a simple combination of cells and organs. The idea of human as the integration of mind and body was developed and later undertaken by the founders of humanistic psychology and neofreudism. In his article the author uses methodology of classical psychoanalysis that proves the psychogenic nature of many physical diseases. The author also bases himself on neofreudistic methods and considers achievements of social psychology on the matter. He also uses the principle of historicism that allows to interpret Alexander’s teaching in close connection with achievements of modern psychoanalysis. The novelty of the article is in the attempt to understand Alexander’s theory taking into account the current condition of medicine and psychology. This allows to prove that the psychoanalytical method offered by Alexander cannot be limited to simple correlation of statistical data proving that there is a certain connection between human body and mind. Alexander’s method allows to understand the deep sources of pathology.

Keywords: psyche, body, spiritual death, spiritual inspirations, sickness, passions, emotions, affects, psychosexual development, meaning.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.7.62959

Abstract: When studying the behavior of American farmers the century before last, a French social scientist Alexis de Tocqueville suddenly discovered that many of the farmers had certain standard patterns established in their minds and those standards looked like the results of propaganda. However, literature usually read by those farmers did not propagate those attitudes (‘illusions’). Where did they come from? How were they established? The author of the article tries to discover the process of these illusions being established. Rationalist suppositions traditionally used for discovering the truth does not help in this case. There is a need in new mechanisms of human spiritual life that would explain this phenomenon. Nietzsche assumed that such misconceptions or spiritual cliches are needed by human, this is in human psychology. At the same time, Nietzsche believed that the ‘recipient’ of propaganda only learnt those ideological standards but did not create them. But in that case ‘illusions’ lived in human mind ‘on their own’ and even replicated (it was not by accident that Tocqueville paid attention at replication of similar beliefs and attitudes). So how are such attitudes and beliefs actually formed?

Keywords: psychology, mythology, propaganda, prejudice, spiritual cliche, manipulation, ideology, rationality, wrong beliefs.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.20985

Abstract: In his article Gurevich shows that modern European culture is mostly rational. Historically, already in Ancient philosophy, human has been evaluated as a thinking being in the first place. Max Weber underlined that rationality is the destiny of Western civilization. It was the place where science and philosophy arose. The desire of European philosophers to uncover all aspects of reasoning that sublimates human and guarantees his well-being created suspicion towards the emotional side of human life. Throughout centuries human passions have been considered to be a great harm and impediment for the mind. That led to the devaluation of the role of emotional life in our culture. The author of the present article has used the methodology of the philosophy of culture that demonstrates the variety of mental skills and values and life styles. The research is also based on basic provisions of Jungian philosophy. For the first time in the academic literature the author conducts a psychological expertise of different philosophical texts. The author enters into polemics with Mikhail Epstein who has written the book 'From Knowing to Creating' and believes that integral personality is closely related to feelings. Giving a high appraise of the research in general and supporting Epstein's orientation at rehabilitation of the role of emotions and feelings in philosophy and psychology, the author of the present article argues against considering one of the functions described in Jungian classicification to be universal. According to the author, all functions are equal in Jungian classification, however, as elements of the psychological structure of an individual these functions are subject to the principle of hierarchy.

Keywords: sensibility, cogitation, intuition, rationality, reasoning, psyche, tears, emotions, psychology, philosophical anthropology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.8.68486

Keywords: sensibility, cogitation, intuition, rationality, reasoning, psyche, tears, emotions, psychology, philosophical anthropology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.7.15812

Abstract: The present article is directed against the two types of reductionism, biological and cultural. Today neuroscienes have achieved incredible results, described the complex structure of brain tissue and discovered parts of the brain that determine rather unexpected aspects of human behavior. For example, who would have thought that there is a certain area in our genes that is in charge of adultery? This means that all human activities are firmly fixed in human genes. Needless to say that the analysis of human activity should be started with the study of the most recent findings of neurosciences. However, it does not mean that biological determinism should be considered to be the final truth. On the other hand, there are no grounds to overemphasize the role of cultural factors in human life. Cultural determinism means being based on the social situation and explaining human behavior only by social reasons. Gurevich bases his research on the methods of popular sociobiology, however, he uses only those ideas and provisions that do not allow to overemphasize biological or cultural determinism of human behavior. Gurevich has also applied data collected by individual and social psychology. Lately there has been quite a number of researches critisizing biological determinism. Russian researchers pay less attention to the analysis of cultural determinism. Meanwhile, Gurevich believes that both of these tendencies simplify the history and human behavior too much. To express his position, Gurevich describes the matrix of factors that determine complex processes of human activity. These processes cannot be reduced only to the confrontation between biological and cultural determinism. Value systems play a very significant role in the motivation of human behavior, too because they allow to overcome the rigorous determination of genic or social nature of human.

Keywords: psychology, genes, society, human, personality, sociality, sociobiology, neurosciences, cultural determinism, reductionism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.7.66853

Keywords: psychology, genes, society, human, personality, sociality, sociobiology, neurosciences, cultural determinism, reductionism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.12467

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.65233

Abstract: The author of the article touches upon the question about the status of psychology as an independent science. This is quite a difficult topic to discuss because psychology was not born ‘from scratch’. Over the course of history psychology had been developing as a part of philosophy but in many ways its development had been defined physiologically. This raises the question of whether psychology has a subject matter of its own. Does psychology possess particular research methods that would allow it to be an independent science? Quite often researchers of different branches of knowledge prove that once psychology had separated from philosophy, it failed to show itself as a branch of natural science. Due to grandiose discoveries in modern neurosciences, the concept of ‘psyche’ is threatened to be eliminated. The most sophisticated mental phenomena are limited to simple brain processes. However, psychology meets these challenges with dignity and continues to get its revenge and to prove its right to be a science. In his research Pavel Gurevich uses research methods obtained from natural science, social studies and humanities. The author bases himself on biology that reveals important sides of human nature. At the same time, the author uses the methods of humanitarian expertise and applies achievements of social studies. The novelty of the article is in the author’s attempt to point out at the convergence of different approaches to analyzing the human nature. Today we can talk not only about human sciences but also define the unity of these sciences, as scientific discoveries made in many different branches of knowledge often remove a strict demarcation between individual branches of knowledge.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psyche, physiology, brain, human nature, consciousness, insanity, humanities, sociality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.9413

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.63109

Abstract: Human psyche is constantly triggering the humanization process. We see the image of human on earth, in the sky and at sea. This is why, if we are to proceed from the general anthropological theory but not only considerations brought up by the philosophy of television, it can be stated that human is needed to be there on the screen, too. Scenery, props and reproduced copies of impersonal information would not dominate over our need to see a human face on screen. This is the magic of personification… The author of the article shows that this is not just our fancy but true passion and desperate need. It might be even our deep need as humans and a universal feature of all homo sapiens. But would it be right to view it as a distinguishing feature of humankind? What if there are other features and qualities which are no less important? Many philosophers including Schopenhauer, Jaspers, Fromm and others tried to understand the nature of human needs. The article outlines the main human needs, in particular, the need of survival, personal safety (self preservation) and reproduction. Important things indeed. We would never think of personification if we are under the threat of hunger, death or natural disaster. It is absolutely correct. On the other hand, the self preservation instinct is also typical for all animals. According to Schopenhauer, the need in food and sexual needs are quite natural and singular for only human.

Keywords: psychology, personification, identification, information, human, feeling, psyche, anonymity, character, assimilation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21580

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem related to classifications of emotions. Many famous philosophers including Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Nietzsche and others paid attention to that issue. However, for many centuries emotional experience was viewed as part of cognitive activity but not autonomous expressions of human spirit. Philosophers cared more about the process of thinking rather than the process of feeling. That created obvious differences in interpretations of human and human mind. It can be believed that art covered that gap in philosophical and anthropological research. However, it is only the last decades that have shown the turn towards studying emotional but not cognitive activity of people. In his research Gurevich has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology. According to the author, the approach to the problem from the point of view of human nature may provide a better understanding of the problem. Psychologists divide feelings into basic and non-basic feelings. However, the range of emotions and feelings is quite different in different studies. Some researchers say there are 6 basic emotions, others speak aobut 7 basic emotions while it is almost impossible to actually count emotions. The author of the present article also discuss new classifications and gives a critical analysis of the above mentioned quantitative approach to studying the emotional world of human. For the first time in the academic literature the author emphasizes the conditional nature of the division of emotions into positive and negative ones. The author also focuses on such feature of emotions as their depth (intensity).

Keywords: anger, surprise, interest, soul, passion, cognition, range, experience, emotion, feeling

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68582

Keywords: anger, surprise, interest, soul, passion, cognition, range, experience, emotion, feeling

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.8.16263

Abstract: Nowadays politicians and psychologists talk a lot about how important it is to improve the management of processes ongoing in the society. Admittedly, reforms that had taken place recently in Russia did not have the desired effect and even turned out to have a negative influence in some cases. Political and social problems cannot be solved due to the low level of management culture. In this article Gurevich provides a critical analysis of modern technocratic projects. Today's academic and popular literature emphasizes the need for creating the kind of management system that would be autonomous from the government and be able to solve strategic issues. The author of the article demonstrates that these suggestions are not new though because they reflect the ambitions of the technocratic kind of thinking. In his turn, the author bases his work on modern psychological and philosophical concepts to describe a new scientific paradigm. To his opinion, one-sided technocratism does not respond to the challenges of the modern age any more. For the first time in Russian academic literature the author makes a supposition that gaps and failures of management technocratism are caused by the neglect of the sacral dimension of human existence. Modern rationality supersedes transcendent findings from the social life. According to the quantum theory, these compoments are returned to the social existence in a new form. This is what causes the failures of the reforms. Technocrats only intensify the pressure on sacrality.

Keywords: psychology, management, sacrality, technocratism, quantum thinking, social existence, organizational culture, unprofessional performance, religion, tradition

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.8.66989

Keywords: psychology, management, sacrality, technocratism, quantum thinking, social existence, organizational culture, unprofessional performance, religion, tradition

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.8.12501

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.8.65381

Abstract: Being an undeniable achievement of the humanity, human mind is subject to severe phenomenological expertise today. Many researchers continue to reflect upon an amazing ability of a human to grasp the essence of phenomena, to catch the meaning and to create a rational picture of the world. So far mind has been viewed as the achievement of human. However, in recent years researchers have been talking more and more often about the variety of different forms of reasoning. In particular, when studying different epochs and cultures, historians came to the conclusion about different mental skills peculiar for different national communities. However, no one has ever before doubted the immutability and unity of human mind as a unique possession of people. But today researchers try to prove that a European, for example, has serious difficulties understanding Japanese reasons. It is not only the other mentality but even a different source of mental operations. Carl Jung once noted that aborigines thought Americas wee stupid because their thoughts were born in their minds while aborigines believed that a thought should be born in one’s heart. Back in those times it was just an ethnographic detail but nothing else. Maybe it is time today to study and understand this problem. These are the issues the books published by the Kanon + Publishing House are devoted to.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, mind, activity, culture, knowledge, meaning, existential, anthropological crisis, trans-humanism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.10.22191

Abstract: The conversation between the frontman of Radio Mayak Evgeny Stakhovsky and the editor-in-chief Pavel Gurevich is devoted to the circumstances that led to the creation of Jung's analytical psychology. After their split with Freud which Jung took close to heart, Jung started to wonder why people pay so much attention to their everyday fuss and ignore their internal well-being and spiritual harmony. It is quite interesting that Jung denied Freud's theory of sexuality. Having wondered about the structure of human psyche, Jung introduced the concept of so-called 'collective unconscious'. Later he got that idea of psychological types and presented it in a form of a theory. The main method used in the conversation is historicism which allows to trabe back the stages of the development of analytical psychology and Jungian classification of personalities. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that interlocutors tried to demonstrate a significant contribution made by Jung to the development of psychoanalysis in general. Jung also described a 'gallery' of personalities with different adjusting mechanisms. Attribution of someone to this or that type of personality determines psychological traits, behavior patterns and even style of cognition.

Keywords: extravert, introvert, attitudes, intuition, sense, feeling, cognition, collective unconscious, archetype, psychoanalysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.10.68612

Keywords: extravert, introvert, attitudes, intuition, sense, feeling, cognition, collective unconscious, archetype, psychoanalysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.9.9595

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.9.63225

Abstract: Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza believed that all born creatures both intelligent and non-intelligent ones follow the laws of their nature. The higher law of nature says that every item tries to preserve its state. Of course, a stone does not strive to become a cloud or a deep river. A tiger does not dream of becoming a lion and a whale does not want to become an iceberg. Moreover, they try to preserve their form of existence. It is true for humans, too. It is only in fairy-tales a beauty turns into a frog (against her own free will). However, philosophers believe that human has some freedom when it comes to this law of nature. Human tries to preserve his being that defines his existence and activities. People may be different though and this is because all people have a free will. Consequently, humans can change their image. Just like women, men can reject their sex and self-identity. They challenge nature and change their body which leads to transformations in their social roles, too. There was a newspaper article about one man changed his gender and became a woman because he did not want to pay alimonies. The author of the article tries to throw light on this issue and relates it to the diversity of faces of human image.

Keywords: psychology, image, face, identity, being, existence, freedom, personification, screen, sample.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.16618

Abstract: The article is devoted to lying as an irresistible human temptation. Immanuel Kant believed deception and misbelief to be doubtlessly evil so he taught us to be honest. The German philosopher also believed that too much lying could destroy the society. However, other philosophers were not so categorical about that issue. For example, Friedrich Nietzsche believed that neither truth nor lie could be the basis for social existence. The author of the present article pays attention to the paradoxical perplexity of deception and truth in individual and social life. In particular, he notes that being raised by illusion, art often reveals the true problems of human existence. In his research Gurevich has used the philosophical anthropology methodology which allows to see contradictory sides of each phenomenon. Starvation for truth and deception is being viewed by the author as the human needs that are difficult to be satisfied. For the first time in the academic literature the author of the article raises a question about consequences of the universal interest for truth and lie and demonstrates how dangerous it is to arrange social life based on illusions and deception. From this point of view, the author conducts a critical analysis of Immanuel Kant's, Friedrich Nietzsche's and Erich Fromm's concepts. Interpreting Freud's theory, American philosophers paid attention only to achieving the truth during psychotherapy but ignored paradoxical aspiration of humans for day-dreaming and delusional or virtual aspects of life.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.67105

Keywords: psychology, human, anthropological need, day-dream, illusion, deceit, art, myth, unconscious, honesty

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.22621

Abstract: The conversation is devoted to Carl Jung as an Esoteric. The Swiss psychiatrist was deeply into the mystical spiritual tradition. Freud and Jung had different concepts of the unconscious, its structure and role in culture. Jung tried to research the mystical spiritual tradition and that is why he was interested not only in European but also Oriental culture. Jung assumed that one has to overcome a lot of difficulties to become spiritual. This is a special path not everyone can pass. As a rule, everyday consciousness is deeply rooted in our minds while the hidden sense of existence cannot be understood by the commonsense logic. The interlocutors emphasize Jung's deep interest in Oriental teachings and esoterics. Jung believed that the true mystery of the world could never be solved but could be only described symbolically as an abyss or transcendency. The main method used in the conversation is the comparison. The method allowed to compare Freud's and Jung's teachings and to demonstrate differences and similarities of these two schools of psychology. In this article the author also tries to give a full idea of Jung's esoterism. The author emphasizes the deep knowledge of Jung in Oriental teachings, in particular, Buddhism and Zen Buddhism. It is demonstrated that Buddhism applies pure symbols as a code to denote a long and difficult way towards the truth. Jung wrote a preface to the edition of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. The psychiatrist characterised it as a philosophical and religious guiding treatise for the alive. Based to Jung, that book is as important as The Bible, New Testament, Talmud and Quran. This is a sacred book not only in Tibet but also in other Eastern countries.

Keywords: symbol, individuation, archetype, collective unconscious , psychoanalysis, transcendency, spirituality, esoterics, mysticism, Jung

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.68631

Keywords: symbol, individuation, archetype, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis, transcendency, spirituality, esoterics, mysticism, Jung

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.9.12950

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.9.65499

Abstract: Pavel Gurevich emphasizes the special role of play in the structure of the main sides of human existence listed by Eugene Fink – labor, play, love and death. Indeed, each of these concepts reflects the basic aspect of human existence. They can be also viewed as an independent phenomenon. However, Pavel Gurevich believes play to have a singular feature. Play constitutes other sides of human existence. For example, it is impossible to imagine labor without play activity. Play probably appeared earlier than labor in pre-human history. Play intertwines different sides of social activity and turns people into executors of social roles. This refers to economic activity, too. Economic activity is not built only upon the common sense and productivity. Economic activity always has the element of play. Politics is a great sphere for play activity, too. In his research Pavel Gurevich used the method of philosophical anthropological analysis. Phenomenology of play is related to human nature and typical human fervour and attitude to unexpected fate. Pavel Gurevich also uses the methods of historical description of play activity. Special attention is paid to the phenomenology of play as well as its universal role in human activity in general and in researches of the sides of human existence in particular. The novelty of the article is caused by the fact that even though many philosophers have studied sides of human existence, a special role of play in human activity is studied for the first time. The author underlines that play reveals the nature of other aspects of human activity. If we had eliminated the element of play from labor, economic, political and sexual practices, it would have completely changed not only the entire style of life but also the essence of human existence.

Keywords: psychology, human existence, play, love, labor, economy, activity, death, creativity, meaning.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.10.10017

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.10.63399

Abstract: Psychology has a wide range of methods and techniques. To start with, this profession preserves a great asset of philosophy — reflection. Psychology inherits deep knowledge that has been accumulating by philosophers of different nations and historical epochs for many years. Being developed as a branch of philosophy, psychology had many astonishing revelation when it didn’t even become an independent science. At the same time, psychology tried to understand human as a particular species of living creatures. Yes, we can say that human represent the animal world in the first place because human has a similar biological nature and instincts. On the other hand, human is not only an advanced animal. Human has something that brings him above all the other world of nature. Human created the phenomenon that had never been met before in the natural environment — human created culture. He appeared to be the creation and the creator of that great province of all mankind.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, nature, culture, human, speculation, physiology, psychiatry, consciousness, ethics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.23209

Abstract: Human had never been the corner stone of Aristotle's philosophy. However, as the previous researches of the author demonstrate, Aristotle was the ancient philosopher who was the father of classical philosophical anthropology. Very often thoughts and ideas of Aristotle that are so important for anthropology appeared in his other researches, for example, thoughts on syllogisms and etc. As we can say, thoughts on Mind were needed by the philosopher to classify categories, but inside that topic he proposed a very important idea about polysynthetism of Mind and that Mind has both human and divine nature. The author of the present article bases his research on the principle of historicism that allows to compare Aristotle's anthropological teaching with Plotin's thouhts about human. The author has also used the method of hermeneutical analysis of ancient philosophers' texts. Various thoughts of Aristotle about Mind, the human and the divine have never been viewed as part of philosophical anthropology. Referring to Aristotle's teaching about induction and deduction, those thoughts touched upon Human, too. Detailed analysis of Mind reveals particularities of human nature and at the same time bring the phenomenon of transcendence to the fore. By comparing Aristotle's and Plotin's teachings, it is possible to outline the teaching about soul and internal human world.

Keywords: existence, deed, eternity, God, superconscious, human, transcendenсe, mind, soul, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.68642

Keywords: existence, deed, eternity, God, superconscious, human, transcendense, mind, soul, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.10.16930

Abstract: The author of the article focuses on the themes of life and death that have interested philosophers and psychologists throughout many centuries and are being interpreted in a new way nowadays. Followers of the quantum mind start to speak of immortality with confidence. They associate soul with information and compare the Universe to a computer. According to their concept, human is idenfified with his mental content which is literally absorbed by the Universe after the death of an individual. Our mind tries to defend itself and therefore eliminates the common idea of death. The other variant of immortality is determined by the mind of a cybernaut which is another form of life marking the end of the 'protein' chauvinism. In the course of his research Gurevich has used the ideas of classical philosophy on immortality. At the same time, he has also taken into account achievements of philosophical anthropology that pays much attention to the issues of death and immortality. For the first time in the Russian academic literature on philosophy and psychology Gurevich analyzes different interpretations of soul including modern concepts. He underlines that many authors that touch upon immortality in their researches lack profound philosophical grounds. However, the theme has been important and studied by philosophers throughout the history of philosophy. In his research Gurevich has also provided a critical analysis of the newest interpretations of immortality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.10.67160

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, death, immortality, psyche, mind, brain, soul, information, mentality, transhumanism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.10.13128

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.10.65653

Abstract: What is the difference between human and animal: This is an eternal question for both psychologists and philosophers. Representatives of sociobiology such as M. Midgley, for instance, assume that human does not only resemble an animal. He is, in fact, an animal. Midgley criticizes Freud for not discussing that topic in his researches. However, the founder of classical psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud made many discoveries while viewing human as an animal. Other branches of psychoanalysis, especially structural psychoanalysis, on the contrary, searched for the signs of human nature in human sociality and ability to speak and use symbols. The author of the present article makes an attempt to view this problem from the point of view of morals. In this case, the research methods are closely connected with the methods of philosophical understanding of human. General methodological base of the research includes dialectics enriched with modern achievements in the sphere of system approach and synergetic vision of the world. The author shows that discussion of this topic raises may other moral issues. The novelty of the research is in the author’s attempt to find the difference between an animal and human not only from the point of view of their life style but also in moral attitude to the reality. Comparing egoism and altruism, the author shows that animals cannot be viewed as ‘moral’ subjects. Pavel Gurevich also specifies the difference between philosophical and biological interpretations of human nature.

Keywords: psychology, animal, human, behaviorism, egoism, altruism, human nature, rationality, emotivism, identity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.16985

Abstract: In this case the editor-in-chief's column is devoted to the thoughts on the status of the psychoanalysis of art. Pavel Gurevich states that there are no grounds to claim that this sphere of applied psychoanalysis is not popular or hasn't acquired its followers. Meanwhile, the book published by one of the most talented Russian psychoanalysts Dmitry Olshansky 'Scenes of Sexual Life. Psychoanalysis and Semiotics of the Theatre and Cinema' is a significant event in the modern scientific and cultural life of Russia. The purpose of the present research is to carry out the critical analysis of numerous and rich ideas of Dmitry Olshansky, systematise the effors associated with the development of Russian psychoanalysis and analysis of the acute problems of modern art. The editor-in-chief has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology and psychoanalysis. He bases his research on classical achievements of philosophical in understanding the nature of human and outlines the basic provisions of classical and postclassical psychoanalysis. The novelty of the article is caused by the fact that the author has evaluated success of Russian psychoanalysis of art and described the acute topics and issues of this branch of aesthetics. According to the author, versatile scientific and critical activity of Dmitry Olshansky is worthy of admiration and recognition. In his book Dmitry Olshansky does not only extend our idea of the methodological basis of psychoanalysis being aimed at serious analysis of modern cultural practice. He also provides examples of quite succesful application of psychoanalytical methodology to particular events of social life, whether it is a play, movie, master class or creative position of a film director. Not only the theory of psychoanalysis but the practical and applied aspects of psychoanalysis is also a topical issue of our days. Repressions and oblivion of psychoanalysis did not manage to eliminate that sphere of world psychology in our country.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.67208

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, art, creativity, aesthetics, mythology, body, physicality, symbol, insanity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13437

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65784

Abstract: Much is written about psychoanalytical heritage of Wilhelm Reich. His views on unconsciousness have been analyzed and his concepts of body psychotherapy and body psychoanalysis have been underlined. Researchers have also pointed out Reich’s contribution to the character analysis. Reich saw a great health potential in spontaneous manifestations of psyche. However, Pavel Gurevich believes that the social meaning of Reich’s teaching has not been discovered yet. In the years when Reich started to become famous, classical psychoanalysis already began to give place to Neo Freudianism. Karen Horney and Erich Fromm focused on the role of social factors in diagnostics and treatment of patients. They criticized Freudianism for ignoring the role of social and cultural factors in personality development. In response, adherents of classical psychoanalysis blamed Neo Freudians for underestimating the role of intrapsychic and biological factors in individual development. Wilhelm Reich managed to stay uninvolved in those discussions. However , he created an interesting three-element personality model. In his research Pavel Gurevich applies methods of social psychology allowing to define the role of the social environment in diagnosing symptoms of neurosis. At the same time, the author of the article has also use the methods of historical analysis of the problem. In particular, Reich’s teaching is viewed in terms of that period in the psychoanalysis development when classical psychoanalysis was gradually giving place to Neo Freudianism. The novelty of the research is in the analysis of the three-element personality model offered by Reich. This model demonstrates that Reich gave the priority to the social and cultural topics. Being an orthodox adherent of Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich nevertheless approached to understanding the doubtless significance of politics and culture in the personality development. According to Pavel Gurevich, in this respect Wilhelm Reich even preceded Karen Horney and Erich Fromm although Reich did not manage that deep social and cultural analysis that Neo Freudianism offered. Wilhelm Reich changed the concept of personality structure offered by Freud. In fact, Freud created the model of psyche without giving focusing on the cultural factor. Freud’s general provisions about the role of super ego, parental prohibitions and moral self-condemnation were later developed in Wilhelm Reich’s model.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, Neo-Freudianism, personality, personality model, unconsciousness, human health, reality, sexuality, sociality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.10482

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.63706

Abstract: The author of the article compares the two terms “psyche” and “soul” that are often viewed as synonyms by the history of psychology. However, if we address to ancient philosophy or mystical spiritual tradition, we can see that these terms have different meanings there. In one case, psyche is thought to be the achievement of individual consciousness and in the other case soul is interpreted as a connecting link between the world of eidos and the underworld where phenomena appear and disappear. The author of the present article attempts to reveal the meaning of Plato’s concept of soul. Psyche deals with mental processes and does not include a more profound existential experience. Phenomenological comparison is used as the analysis method forming the basis of this article. This method allows to distinguish between the two terms “psyche” and “soul”. The fact that such this is the first attempt to differentiate between these terms in Russian literature creates the novelty of research. According to the author of the article, soul and psyche are not synonymous terms. Soul has a wider and more profound meaning than psyche. Soul does not die when a body dies. Soul exists before someone’s birth. Soul contains versatile spiritual experience and this is what makes it to be the opposition to psyche.

Keywords: psychology, spirit, pneuma, soul, psyche, mythology, eidos, existence, transcendental, Psyche.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.12.17388

Abstract: The expert journal 'Psychology and Psychotechnics' has been again approved as the journal recommended by the Highest Attestation Commission. In the first instance, it is a good proof of the editorial board's efficient acitivity. The editorial board of the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal includes such major scientists as members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Abdusalam Guseinov and Vladislav Lektorskiy, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoliy Zhuravlev, doctors of psychology Tatyana Berezina, Diana Boboyavlenskaya, Dmitriy Leontyev, Marina Rozenova, Andrey Rossokhin, Alexander Tkhostov and others. Psychologists living in various regions of the country publish their articles in the Journal. Manuscripts in editor's hand are constantly and promptly growing. However, it would be good to make the journal more academic and discussing hot issues. For this purpose, the editorial board introduces famous scientists who are capable of extending the boundaries of psychological space. Issues and topics that are at the intersection between psychology and philosophy, psychology and medicine, psychology and social sciences are growing especially important. The academic community tends to believe that over the past decades new knowledge has been accumulated mostly through researches in a particular sphere. Today the problem of uniting different spheres of differentiated sciences is growing especially important. Comprehensive researches are becoming more significant. This raises a question about psychology starting to explore and extend its own boundaries. The editorial board often receives letters from psychologists who study the problems arising at the intersection between philosophy and psychology. However, it does not mean at all that these two disciplines can't make a union. The editors of the Psychology and Psychotechnics Journal believe that it is very important to research all the spheres that are close to psychology. The union between medicine and psychology is also important. There are the two forms of psychology, theoretical and practical. The latter often appeals to neurotic or psychopathic processes which creates an opportunity for researching mutual aspects of psychology and medicine as well as their interaction.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.12.67376

Keywords: medicine, philosophy, social studies, science, healing, psychogenic diseases, personality, massive psychological processes, psychology, technologies

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13706

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65930

Abstract: Editor-in-chief analyzes Jean Piaget’s epistemological concept. He uses it to provide a modern interpretation of perception as a psychological concept. For a long time psychologists have believed that perception is a passive process, i.e. the external environment is perceived through sense organs and create an image of the reality in the mind of an individual. However, psychologists have failed to explain why not only different people but even one person may have different pictures of the reality. Piaget was the first one to emphasize the role of intelligence in the processing of information received from the external world. Therefore, Piaget gave the idea of the active role of perception. At the same time, it also became obvious that recognition of the active role of an individual still did not provide a complete solution of the problem. In his article Gurevich has used the method of historical analysis and techniques of the phenomenological analysis of a problem. He has also compared the traditional and new interpretations of activity/passivity of perception. The novelty of the article is in the criticizing of the Cartesian model of perception which identifies an individual with cogitation. Modern psychologists take into account philosophical critic of the Cartesian approach to human. The cognitive psychology model of perception and information processing is, in fact, an interactionist concept of cognition, its genesis and development in terms of causation interaction between the organism and environment. Cognitive processes are explained in terms of the interaction between the brain and the part of the environment that can be captured by the brain. The conclusion made by Gurevich is that modern psychology has all potentials to create a broader model of perception which would involve other people and more objects surrounding us.